Climate Change Problems For The Fiji Islands

Climate Change Problems For The Fiji IslandsThis paper explores the lucks that mode falsify poses to the touristry evolution in Fiji islands. It shows the adverse takingss of the changing clime and the dangers pose by the tourism activities and excessively pose a major hazard for the topical anaesthetic people in the region. It also deals with the dangerous deoxycytidine monophosphate emissions and CO2 effect on the landscape, food, urine, heartiness.Key words pacific, modality commute, carbon and CO2 emissions. inceptionThe pacific is the knowledge bases too largest ocean with a ascend scene of action of 175 million sq km and constitutes for 40% of the planets peeings. situated in the tropical latitudes, it speaks more than half the globes circumference. Temperature of the surface piddle in the western tropical regions is always more than 28 C over a depth of several hundred meters. This makes up the worlds storage of thermal zero for ex deepen with atmosphere . here(predicate) the interaction between atmosphere and ocean is near extreme and influences the humor not precisely regionally plainly planet-wide. The dry lands of the pacific argon obscured valet de chambre settlements absorbed in this vast fluid universe. The ocean is the most primary(prenominal) factor controlling the environs and life. Hence some(prenominal) vary in oceanic conditions and climatical variegates ar all grand(predicate) for environment and life (Philander, 1990).The call up mode of a region is defined by the average conditions detect over 3 decades or more, considering all characteristics that makes weather felt by e reallyone and prognosticateed by meteorologists. The main characteristics atomic number 18 temperature, wind conditions, atmospherical coerce, cloud cover and rainfall. The south pacific is bounded by an bea of low ram near the equator and soaring squeeze around 30 S parallel. North-south pressure creates the regular winds in these two atomic number 18as known as the south-east trades (Philander, 1990). all qualify in earths modality has an impact on mankind, biodiversity, health and services provided by ecosystems worldwide. For adapting to such clime variegates it is necessary to understand variation of climate, why and how the climate intensifys, and how it impacts the earths ecosystems. Climate order is an important way of understanding climate variability, metamorphoses and impacts. Earths climate is changing and such interpolates run for to take place with disaccordent patterns which may be characte encouragementd by one or some(prenominal) modes of the climate systems (Philander, 1990).Fiji is the largest tourism destination in the south pacific only if inter case arrivals argon unstable over the last 5 years beca engross of harmful events identical political coup in Fiji in 2000, terrorist attacks in United States on 11th September 2001, the Bali attack in 2002, and severe acu te respiratory syndrome outbreak in Asia in 2003. tourism is endangered to natural hazards and disasters equivalent earthquakes, tsunamis, flood, droughts, and cyclones. Climate transfigure is an important characteristic in disaster anxiety as it is the likely to affect Fiji through sea direct rise and storm surge, changing temperature and extreme weather events (Wilbanks, 2003).About 400,000 holidaymaker visited Fiji in 2002 with an average length of stay of 8 days. While most visitors tot for rest and relaxation linked to beach environments, current marketing campaigns strike to shift the image from pure beach promotion to a wider date (Ministry of tourism-Fiji, 2003).The main aim of this journal paper is to analyse effects of climate change in Fiji islands and adapting and miniskirtmizing climate change by the tourist haunts. The author for behind this is that surveys and interviews were undertaken resulting in many operators already nimble for climate connect change s and adapt to potential impacts resulting in climate change.Methodtourism in Fiji is largely based on resorts at that placefore registration sector is freehanded tourism sub-sector. Tourists spend most of their time at the resorts. For the above reasons it was take over to focus on this analysis of accommodation.Effects of climate change on tourism in FijiTourism operators argon familiar with ecological factors like strong reefs and plain piddle crucial for tourism in Fiji. Operators were sure of the climate change associated impacts like cyclones, the thrashing of coral reefs and flooding. Polluted water system was related to to mounting water temperature and climate change. Increasing sea levels were mentioned by three businesses, two of which lie in low lying Mamanuca Islands. chiefly accommodation business had experienced at least one of the climate related impact. The most common impacts were eating away, water availability, and interruption of electricity. Many reso rts were change by cyclones resulting in coral bleaching and station harm (Short, 2004).Climate related impacts previously experiencedFrequency out of 25Comments by respondents margin line/beach erosion9Banks on edge property/beach give wayReduced water availability9In re centime droughtsInterrupted supply chain8 causation cutsCoral bleaching8Noticed by tourists, snorkelling affectedDamage to property5From sea surgeSea level rise3Storm frequency and intensity3Maintenance of gardens(Short, 2004).Eight businesses verbalize that they were not affected by any of the factors listed. There ar cardinal areas located in the Mamanuca Islands, which are relatively exposed to climate change due to the risk of cyclones, sea level rise, poor water quality, fade corals, and inadequate water availability. There is need of understanding of climate change problems and the managers do not share the problems faced by climate change (Short, 2004).Tourist accommodation uses large variety of eff iciency resources with electrical aught created from hydropower or diesel root being most important for goose egg use. Petrol and diesel is use for business vehicles and other purposes. Also molten petroleum gas is utilise by most businesses mostly for cooking, baking hot water and in laundry. Energy utilization and nursery gas emissions differ broadly for diverse businesses. The standard of accommodation and geographical location are the two factors that have major influence on energy inlet and carbon-dioxide emissions (Becken, 2002). Tourist accommodation in the Mamanuca Islands is around 2-3 times ascarbon-intensive as that inVitiLevu. The key cause for this is in electricity generation, which is to a salient extent less(prenominal)carbon-intensive inVitiLevu. Because of the high quantity of renewable energy sources (hydro and bagasse) compared with diesel production on islands with its natural inadequacy ( approximately 65-70% of energy foreplay is lost during the proce ss of generation). Resorts on remote islands run more or less self-sufficiently, and hence have supplementary energy needs (e.g., sewage treatment, freezing rubbish). Tran looseness energy utilization is also high condition that not only do tourists have to be tape transported to and from the resort, but so also do food supplies, energy (diesel and gas), water and other devices necessary for operating the resort (Becken, 2002).The rough feasible estimate is obtained of energy use and carbon monoxide emissions related with tourism for the Fiji. The total number of visitor nights worn out(p) in Fiji was 2,891,295 in 2002 ( plane section of energy, 2003). 82% of visitor-nights were spent in hotels, 13% in bandagingpacker/budget accommodation, and the remaining nights were being spent in motels, on boats or in other songs of commercial and non-commercial accommodation. Total energy utilize due to tourist accommodation was calculated at 1,078,373,475 MJ per annum which is equivale nt to national energy use of 6.5%. in terms of carbon monoxide the accommodation industriousness emits 68,219 tonnes per annum.( De office staffment of energy, 2003)Tourism in Fiji is extremely exposed to climate change related hazards such as cyclones, flooding and storms, sea level rise, erosion, transport and communication interruption, and momentarily less water availability. another(prenominal) most important apprehension for the tourism industry is the deprivation of natural systems, such as coral reefs and forest ecosystems, further exasperated by climate change. Tourism businesses in common are affected in the form of tangible damage from acycloneor storm surge, erosion, and coral bleaching. In violate of the high risk linked with tourist facilities built on the waterfront, most new victimizations spotlight on coastal areas. Mangroves are been cut polish up in large carapace who in turn acts like a protective cover against climate related changes (Jones, 2003).Tourist accommodation providers adapt to climatic conditions that may affect their business, and in doing so they are also prepared for impacts that may result from a changing climate. Typically, operators focus on relatively concrete and foreseeable high-risk impacts, such as cyclones and storm surges, for typeface bycyclone-proofing their structures and gooding seawalls. A number of accommodation providers have insurance cover against cyclones and storm surges. Generally, it seems that the risk of accumulative impacts or more solicit impacts are less treasure and addressed. Pollution control, sewage treatment, and water precaution are examples of this. The vulnerability to extreme climate-related events trick be dropd when climate change adaptation is integrated in the development process from the earliest stages (Jones, 2003).The exact location of the development and design such as expression material, orientation, structures and decorate helps in reducing the vulnerability. There is a opportunity to change tourism development in at destinations less endangered to climate change, with current attempts to diversifying Fijis tourism product in relation to ecotourism. new-sprung(prenominal) and unique tourism products can be developed in Fiji on high land areas using Japanese concept of shakkei (borrowed landscape), where hotel layout, garden landscaping and scenery are mixed together into an overall experience of ecosystem that is incompatible from the typical beachfront (Ayala, 1995).A number of greenhouse gas moderation procedures are in place such as adapting generator sizes, switching sullen lights, energy efficient light bulbs and solar hot water. There is a huge potential for solar energy and wind-generated power especially on the Coral Coast, the Mamanuca Islands, and Sonasavu, these technologies are taken up slowly, inhibited by neediness of knowledge, neat, capacity and government incentives. Often, the energy demand of a single tourist reso rt is too small to justify investment in a wind turbine. The policy focus and interests of resort operators in Fiji are development-driven, although there is a strong recognition of the concept of sustainable development. Climate change is mainly seen from the perspective of tourisms vulnerability and adaptation. Mitigation seems to be less pressing, although in the strong suit term increasing greenhouse gas emissions (e.g., as a result of increasing tourist arrivals) could undermine Fijis credibility in worldwide negotiations on climate change. The above order of Government and industry priorities has to be recognised when trying to go for any climate-change-related prizes (Ayala, 1995). Climate change can be mixed with sustainable development by identifying key problems and consequently linking those to climate change. In the case of Fiji tourism these major local problems are land use issues, old stock accommodation, wishing of new capital and investment, go downed air cap acity, dependence on air travel, economic outflow, lack of unique selling point, environment degradation and political instability (Narayan, 2000).environmental problems like pollution, deforestation and excessive use of resources are to be considered. potential drop issues in addition to these problems are more likely to be funded by donor agencies, stakeholders and industry members (Hay et al., 2003). Recognizing co-benefits of climate change policies is as important as its effect, for example, heavy use of air conditioning leads to ontogenesis in greenhouse gas emissions or the relocation of sand adds to local environmental impacts. forthcoming work would need to take into account technological and economic aspects, as well as the expected amount of overthrowd or increase greenhouse gas emissions (Dang et al., 2003).Energy is a major cost device driver for the operation of a tourism accommodation business, especially when energy is derived from dodo fuels either for transp ort or electricity generation. The operation of diesel generators is costly, because of inefficiencies, rapture costs (diesel shipment), maintenance, and salaries for powerhouse staff. Thus, managers have an economic interest in retentivity electricity consumption low. The crux with diesel generators, however, is that once a generator is purchased, the optimum range of electricity generation is determined at about 80% of the maximum performance. Mini hydropower schemes are less relevant for coastal resorts, but could be an option for tourism ventures operated in inland communities (referred to as ecotourism operators by the Fiji Ministry of Tourism and Visitor spot). The capital costs are very high, however, and consequently the uptake is minimal. The Department of Energy currently assesses potential sites for mini hydropower schemes, and it is also exploring potential for geothermal electricity generation on Vanua Levu, the plunk for largest island of Fiji. Wind energy is not w idely used in Fiji, but the Coral Coast, Mamanuca Islands, and Sonasavu are promising locations for wind-powered generation. Wind energy systems are accessible at different scales, ranging from small 1-kW ones to 100-700kW schemes (medium scale), or even larger ones (UNEP, 2003). Tourist resorts would need small- to medium-scale wind systems if they want to meet their whole electricity demand by wind power. baseborn islands are unlikely to erect wind turbines because of lack of space and noise pollution. Resorts on larger areas are in a better position to pursue wind energy. No renewable energy sources are currently seriously discussed for transport, although one resort looked into wind-driven boats, and there are explorations into replacing fossil fuel with bio-fuel, for example derived from coconut palm(copra) oil (Sopac, 2004).Steps to minimize the effect of climate change in FijiReforestation is the most important means of reducing climate change. Trees minimizes vulnerable n ature of cyclones, improve microclimate and enhances landscapes which are used in tourism activities. Trees reduce carbon content in the air and are useful in adaptive measures like erosion control and watershed management. Forest protection and plantation should be done under adaption policies. Developing small scale technologies for wind and solar energy on the remote island would help reduce the dependency on imported fossil fuel and economic leakage (Dang et al., 2003).AdaptationImpact on mitigationImpact on environmentTree plantationReduces net CO2 emissions through carbon sinksBenefits biodiversity, water management, soilsWater conservationReduces energy costs for supplying water controlling in areas where water is limitedRenewable natural resourcesReduces CO2 emissionsOverall, less polluting than fossil fuelsNatural building materialsSmall carbon footprint for topically produced materialsDepends on sustainability of plantationsReducing water pollutionIncreased energy used for sewage treatmentPositive for coral reefs and marine life leatherneck protectionNeutralPositive for marine biodiversityRain water accruementSaves transport energy for supplying waterPossibly interrupts the natural water cycleGuest educationNeutralIncreases awarenessSetting back structuresNeutralPositive when structures built away from beachfrontDiversifying marketsPositive if markets are eco-efficientDepends on environmental impacts of new marketsWeather proofing tourist activitiesDepends on the type of activitiesDepends on the type of activitiesWater desalinisationHigh energy costsTakes pressure off freshwater resourcesIncreasing beach conditioningIncreases CO2 emissions denude pollution in case of diesel generationBeach alimentEnergy use for mining and transportationDisturbs eco systemsReducing beach erosion with sea wallsNeutralDisturbs natural currents and cause erosion(Dang et al., 2003).There is no common strategy to address interactions between climate change and tourism in Fiji, nor is there a sector-wide industry association that could promote any climate-change-related initiatives. However, there are isolated examples among industry members that reveal a high understanding and advanced use of technology and management to address climatically unfavourable conditions. Those operators are also best prepared for increased risks resulting from climate change. Also, a number of operators plunge in wider environmental management, energy conservation, and indeed climate change mitigation, although the greenhouse gas emission aspect is rarely the reason for the mitigating measures undertakenOverall, there is a need for tourism-specific information on what climate change is, how it go out affect tourism, and what operators could do to adapt and mitigate. In the medium term it would also be important to include climate change in the curricula of tertiary education for students in the field of tourism, resource management engineering and architecture. Sinc e the scope and costs for many adaptation and mitigation measures are largely determined by the design of tourist facilities, the incorporation of these aspects into architectural courses is particularly important. Alongside information and education initiatives, the Government could assist businesses in undertaking energy audits, facilitating the implementation of Environmental Management Systems (e.g., Green testicle 21), and providing incentives, for example for the uptake of renewable energy sources.Climate change could form part of a wider risk management plan for tourism. Such an initiative is currently being discussed between the Ministry of Tourism and the Disaster Management Office. A two-level approach could be possible, where guidelines are provided for tourism operators to develop their own risk or disaster management plan at the business level, mend Government covers wider issues beyond individual businesses, such as tourism bag and larger evacuation plans. The curre nt attempt by the Fiji Visitor Bureau to diversify the product could be seen as part of national-level risk management, as they attempt to spread risk across different markets (e.g., event tourism, sport tourism, nature tourism) and seasons. Fewer initiatives exist to weather-proof tourism, as suggested for tourism in Phuket, Thailand (Raksakulthai, 2003). Another important step towards implementing a nation-wide risk management strategy for tourism and climate change would be the mapping of all tourism infrastructure, as well as the risk of various hazards in different locations.The Department of Environment in their climate change policy or the Ministry of Tourism in their risk management plan are best advised to pursue measures that offer win-win situations, namely for adaptation, mitigation, wider environmental management and development. Examples of such measures are reforestation, water conservation, and the use of renewable energy sources. It is recommended that the synergies between adaptation, mitigation, and sustainable development be explored further and that the effects be quantified where possible i.e., how muchcarboncan be saved as a result of a particular measure and what costs are inculpated. This is even more important given the lack of resources in Fiji, which requires maximising benefits from any implemented measure (Dang et al., 2003).Reducing the consumption of hot water for laundry and showers and reducing the water temperature are saving measures. Other energy use reductions measures in accommodation are lighting, including energy efficient light bulbs, sensor lighting in the garden, solar panel lights, and room keys used to operate lights inside the room. Although energy efficient bulbs are good option they are expensive and do not last long because of the fluctuating supply of power from generators. In the smaller islands the energy costs of shipping are higher, so the managers tend to increase the ship load with passengers on board w ith food, waste or water. One way of saving fuel is to minimize shipping trips.The increase in globular mean temperature to 2 degrees above pre-industrial levels is necessary to curb the risk of dangerous climate change at an acceptable level and to limit climate impacts. Temperatures increase certain level of atmospheric concentration. The results taper that in order to have a good chance of restrain global average temperature in the long run to 2 degrees atmospheric concentration of all greenhouse gases needs to be stabilised. Intergovernmental policy on climate change i.e. IPCC indicates that keeping concentration in the range of 445-490 ppm requires global emissions to peak by 2015, and to fall by between 50-85% by 2050. reliable trends would result in much higher concentrations and high risks of catastrophic climate change.The clean development mechanism means to make compliance with easier calculate commitments , the Kyoto Protocol allows using offset credits from emissi ons reduction projects in developing countries, under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). Governments can propose and implement emissions reductions on a project-by-project basis under CDM. The resulting credits are bought by governments that are under emissions reduction obligations. Large projects categories are renewable energy mainly using hydropower instead of fossil fuels, reduction of methane emissions from landfills and coal mines, emissions from cement production, and destruction of potent industrial gases. There were over three special K CDM projects underway in may 2008, which, is implemented and approved, would yield expected emissions reductions of 2.5 one thousand thousand tons of carbon dioxide. The Asian Pacific region accounts for 80 per cent of the CDM credits that expected to be generated. The World Bank cites supply estimates of 1.4 to 2.2 zillion credits by 2012Conclusions and recommendationsGlobal consult over climate change impacts and risks has incre ased greatly in recent times, and climate change is recognised not only an environmental challenge but also an economic challenge. The Pacific region is home to the fast growing, large economies in the world and the dominant source of growth in greenhouse gas emissions. To limit and reduce emissions action is required in developing countries. There is large number of opportunities to reduce emissions but most of these are expensive and cannot be implemented unless policy settings change. More ambitious policies pull up stakes be needful to turn emission trends around in developing and developed countries. The global dynamics are of the mutually reinforcing type one countrys action depends on other countries doing their bit. The more countries commit to significant policies, the easier it will become to draw others in. In contrast, if some countries refuse to take part in collective action, others will also refuse to do so. An hard-hitting response to global climate change will n eed to involve bilateral deal or multilateral agreement. Large and medium coat economies will need to be a part of it. For an agreement to succeed, the introduction must be kept wide open for developing countries to engage fully in policies, with the support of high income countries.Climate change analysts predict that within the coming decades, sea level will rise gradually. So the affecting nation might have begun identifying the effects of climate change on tourism activities and overall people living in that region. Small islands are at risk to adapt to the adverse affects of climate change because of high costs as well as benefits. Not only just people but unique human cultures are also at high risk. Migration is another option for local people but again the cost factor is crucial, as most of these people are illiterate and unemployed. They will have to relocate unwillingly. Survival is the main concern in this case. It is also highly impossible for any recipient nation to gr ant asylum to an entire country. The larger impact of climate change will challenge the capacity of the country. The secondary impacts will be water scarcity, food security, health services, land scarcity. At some point many land areas will become incapable of sustaining life and people will be forced to migrate.

Organisational Change Management Effects On Employees Management Essay

Organisational Change counsel Effects On Employees steering turn upThis research is on the study of the arrangeuate of organic lawal lurch focussing on its employees. The importance of this research is to help worry in different placements to think the topic of organisational vary competement on their employees, how employees berth heed in intervention organisational substitute and how focal point bunghole be more rough-and-ready in achieving their goals and objectives.The methodology applied in this research is carrying come in a survey on employees views on organisational heighten negociatement with the drill of questionnaires.At the end of this research, I stand been able to organise guidance to imagine the effects of organisational variety management on its employees and how to manage it trenchantly. Also employees befool the opportunity to alternate both(prenominal) of their set minds ab forth management for organisational goals and objectives to be succeedd irrespective of the rapid organisational modification in todays communication channel surroundings.CHAPTER 1 entrywayIn todays driving lineage world, veer remains a perpetual factor in all organisation irrespective of their sizes or age of existence. Change factor the alteration of status quo or fashioning things different. The aeonian pace of vary in the 21st century business environment is accelerating extremely very fast.It is easier for machines to easily adapt to alteration in argument but gentleman beings composition does not find the adjustment much(prenominal) easy that is why it becomes a very sensitive issue in the composition. Change can past be said to be a single of the essence(p) factor in the organization. Since agitate is a constant and sensitive factor in both organisation therefore it becomes dogmatic to understand what an organisational c areen is, what provokes an organisational transmit, reply to organisational chan nelises and how best it can be managed to execute organisational goals and objectives efficiently.ORGANISATIONAL alterOrganisational qualify was referred to by Van de Ven Poole, 1995, as an empirical mirror image of difference in form, quality of state over time in an organizational entity, (Van de Ven Poole, 1995, p. 512). An organizational entity can be an individuals melodic phrase, a work group, a st locategy for the organization, a product or service, or the overall organization.The Organisational entity goes through with(predicate) different moldes in retort to a st come outgic reorientation, re coordinate, pitch in management, merger or accomplishment or the exploitation of new goals and objectives of the organisation. Organisational change can also be referred to as the modification of the structure or process of a organization within an organisation.Organisational change comes in throw in when aligning resources and employees to an organizational goals and ob jectives. These employees be human and they thrust their necessitate in pecking ramble as exposit by Abraham Maslow. In satisfying their involve employees break aways to settle organisational change. Organisational change ascertain by the employees is relative to the structure of the organisation. An organisational structure that is informal in nature provide be more un pictorial by employees influence than the organisation that has a strong formal structure.Abraham Maslows hierarchy of needs showed in figure 1.1 shows that people needs differ. Irrespective of their of the organization goals and objectives employees like every other man in the society has hierarchic needs. They want their needs to be met by the organisation so they tend to influence change that will favour the satisfaction of their needs. whatsoevertimes employees influence this change not considering the organisation limited resources and this lead to a reaction from the organisation either positiv ely or negatively depending on the management view of the influence. This reaction by the organisation in response to the employee actions is also an organisational change.MORALITY,CREATIVITY,SPONTANEITYPROBLEM SOLVINGLACK OF PREJUDICESELF-ACTUALISATION ACCEPTANCE OF FACTSSELF- value,CONFIDENCE, ACHIEVEMENT,ESTEEM RESPECT FOR OTHERS, RESPECT BY OTHERSLOVE/ BELONGING FRIENDSHIP, FAMILY, SEXUAL associationSECURITY OF BODY, OF EMPLOYMENT, OF RESOURCESSAFETY OF MORALITY, OF THE FAMILY, OF HEALTH, OF PROPERTYPHYSIOLOGY BREATHING, FOOD, WATER, SEX, SLEEP,.FIG1.1Organisational change tends to occur when an organizational system is disturbed by round essential or external force. The essence of this disturbance may be good or bad, which may tolerable the organization as a whole, or in regions. The degree or lay of disturbance varies based on the organisational structure of the organisation, which may regard people, structure, technology, and other elements of an organization.The ch anges ca utilise by external forces on the organisation atomic number 18 cognize as reactive changes, these changes may take place in pose to resolve to new opportunities or to avoid threats to the organisation plot of land those changes initiated by the management of an organisation in orderliness to achieve the goals and objectives of the organisation be kn suffer as proactive change.Every business organisation has cardinal major stages of development which are survival, profitability and lastly growth and expansion. In each of this stages organisation tends to manage their available resources in such(prenominal) a way that it can survive each stage and move to the contiguous stage.Every organisation desires to move from their present state to a desire state and this desired state is continual. The desired state becomes continual because every organisation needs to respond to the changing customer preferences and technologies. These factors make change to be a critical aspect of utile management.1.2 ORGANISATIONAL CHANGE perplexityOrganisational change is a constant critical factor in business environment. Both the employees and the employers in organisations go through this phase of change at one time or the other.Since organisational change is inevitable, then management in organisations need to constantly monitor and respond usefully to both the internal (owner, management and employees) and external( Investors, supplier, customers, crush groups, government, media and the general public etc.) environments of their organisations in relation to their goals and objectives. This process is described as organisational change management. Five major factors should be mute by management in monitoring and responding to organisational change.People react to change differently based their fundamental needsPeople resist change based on uncertainty of expirationsPeople will embrace change when proposed outcomes are favourableProposed outcome should b e well defined objectivelyChange may need to be enforcedThe more management can anticipate change and either control or manage it the better for the organisation in achieving their goals and objectives. Organisational change can influence the rate of death penalty of organisation this makes it important for management to have effective companionship almost it. It is found out that in todays war-ridden business environment, some organisations have experienced fast development while other have experience downsizing or total collapse. These results are products of organisation change management. Organisations Change agents which are the factors that influence change should not be out of management control at every instance despite the competitive pressure on management. Since organisational change is constant and dynamic, then management needs to be proactive on change management for effective development of the organisation.Although every stakeholder within and outside the organis ation feels the effect of organisational change management in different degrees, this study is concentrating on organisational change management and its effects employees. The effects of organisational change management on employees are considered very important in this research because it will show the reaction of employees to management during organisational change. Employees reaction to organisational change management either consciously or unconsciously influences their rate of performance in their bloods. Their level of confidence in management handling organisational change becomes a notable factor in their rate of performance. solicitude needs to know how to strike the balance between employees views and achieving their organisational goals and objective during on-going organisational change. concern cannot always attend to employees need but they should provide strategic means in reacting to their needs and not necessarily manipulating them. focussing should not solitar y(prenominal) face employees just as their working tools in achieving their goals and objectives but they should see them as the most vital and delicate resources of their organisation.Definitely employees rate of performance have greater influence on the rate at which organisations achieve their goals and objectives. Improving their performance level during organisational change becomes a running game of effective management.CHAPTER 2LITERATURE RE sop upCoetsee (1999) states managements ability to achieve maximum benefits from change depends in better on how in effect they create and maintain a climate that minimizes resistant behaviour and encourages acceptance and support (p. 205). In todays dynamic and competitive business environment, organisations are required to respond effectively to ceaseless change or collapse if not careful. That was why Coetsee 1999 was interested in describing management ability in achieving maximum benefit from change. Inability for management to e ffectively maximise benefits from changing market place as light-emitting diode m whatsoever organisations that were listed among the fortune 500 in the 1980s and 1990s no longer in business (Beer Nohria, cc0).There are different reasons that turn back organisational change examples are government policy, technology, merger and acquisition, strategic refocusing and market volatility etc. Employees are aware that they mostly recipient of the effect of change when it goes wrong. This wrong olfactory sensation initiates fear, frustration, lack of concentration and electric resistance to every form of change. Therefore the effects of organisational change on employees need to be assessed objectively originally initiating it. Literature reveals that, change is a source of feeling of threats, uncertainty, frustration, alienation and anxiety (Ashford 1998).Based on this, it is clearly seen that an organisation will be underperforming with such feelings from their employees. Employees best can never be achieved, they will be underproductive and it will negatively affect the organisation overall performance.How long will employees continue to work in this feeling of in bail due to organisational change becomes a major question in this fast dynamic business environment we live in? They concentrate more on their own cheat security rather than the organisation goals and objectives. Meeting self needs becomes employees senior high schooler priority rather than organisational needs because they cannot be guaranteed by the organisation how long their individual needs can be met. Job security becomes a threat to them.In todays business environment, more organisations are mingled in mergers while some go through the acquisition process. great numbers of employees become more insecure and uncertain about their ponders. This poses a serious threat to employees dependability to the organisation in achieving their goals and objectives. It is a natural response from the employee as defined by Abraham Maslow on mans hierarchy of needs. protective cover is a mans need not just a want, so employees pedigree security is a vital need to them. That is the reason why permanent wave staffs are far more likely to be dedicated to their job than temporary staffs who feel their contribution to the organisation may be halt at any time and with little or no conduct off by the organisation.Effectiveness and efficiency of employees, becomes a challenge to the management in order to achieve their goals and objectives. Although job performance is not strongly linked with job satisfaction but there could be resistance and unwillingness from the employees when their working condition are poor and unattended to by the management of the organisation they work for.According to Gateway Information Services, a New York consulting firm, 70% of all change programs fail due to employee resistance. Employees expect to form an organisational culture that creates a serious resistance to change because of high level of uncertainty in their job. Zaltman and Duncan, 1974 define resistance to change as any conduct that serves to maintain the status quo in the face of pressure to alter the status quo. The act of resistance to change described by Zaltman and Duncan, 1974 now becomes vivid the more, as long as level of uncertainties increases for the employee before and during organisational change. (Dent Goldberg, 1999) also define resistance to change as employees are not wholeheartedly embracing a change that management wants to implement.The effect and foreclose effect of organisational change management on employees can be a test of effectiveness and efficiency of management. Management needs to effectively manage organisational change.CHAPTER 3METHODOLOGY AND ANALYSIS3.1 INTRODUCTIONIn previous chapters, it is described that organisational change remains constant in every organisation and the rate of this change in todays business environment is ver y rapid. Many factors have been attached to the rapid occurrence of organisational change ranging from customers needs, technology, government policy, market flexibility, acquisition and mergers etc. Every stake holder in the organisation is modify one way or the other by the effect of this change. This prompts for an effective organisational change management. Effective organisational change management can then be assessed by degree at which management maximise the benefits and minimise the demerits of organisational change in achieving the goals and objectives of the organisation.Understanding that employees are active part of any organisation stakeholders, this research in this chapter takes a critical analysis on the effect of organisational change management on its employees.3.2 RESEARCH METHODIn carrying out this visit on the effect of organisational change management on its employees, the descriptive research method is used.This method is used because descriptive method co llates, test and validate information. Description emerges assumeing creative exploration, and serves to organize the findings in order to fit them with explanations, and then test or validate those explanations (Krathwohl, 1993).Types of research that can be categorized as descriptive are Surveys (questionnaires, Delphi method, references, normative), cause studies, job analyses, documentary analysis and developmental studies.The questionnaire was the type of descriptive method use in this project. It is used because of its response objectivity which base on the order of the systematised format of the questionnaire. It is also use because it gives opportunity to access information from people, who are free to express themselves and not time bound like interview or experiment.In safeing against sources demerit the four major potential errors were considered. These are sampling error, non-coverage error, non-response error, and metre error Any one of these sources of error may make the survey results unacceptable (Groves, 1989 Salant and Dillman, 1994 Dillman, 1991, 1999).Sampling error was defined as the degree to which the results from the sample deviate from those that would be obtained from the entire population, because of random error in the selection of respondent and the corresponding reduction in reliability (Alreck, 454). This was guarded against by making sure that the respondents are carefully chosen base on location which is their offices and dealing with the human resources department competitor support. Respondents were given a good time before collection to guard against bias.Non-response error occurs when the survey fails to get a response to one, or perhaps all, of the questions, (http//stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=1835).This error was prevented by making the survey questions all of a sudden and non confrontational. Respondents concealing was also assured to allow their views to be expressed freely without any restrictions or fear of personal details.Non coverage error which occurs from exclusion of some units or entire section from the survey was prevented by giving contact chance to both new and old employees, although employees years of experience were considered in the survey in range forms.Measurement error is the real variety from the true score, and includes both random error and systematic error, (http//changingminds.org/explanations/research/measurement/measurement_error.htm). This was prevented by proper collection and collation process to eliminate data loss. Computations of response were repeated at different times to reduce any error in the measurement process. For easy calibration likert scale was introduced with mathematical value.3.2.1 straitsNAIRE DESIGNThe questionnaire is protrudeed to meet the aim of this research. Different standardised questionnaire in relation to employees view to organisational change and employee satisfaction were used. The questionnaire was also roleed considering factors that influence the acceptance or resistance of organisational change by employees discussed in originally chapters.The questionnaire is designed not concentrating on the sex of employees, either female or male, since the objective of the research was not concentrating on the effects of organisational change management on a particular gender. This was also do in the design to eliminate every form of bias perception from the respondents. The questionnaire is designed with equal representation for employees irrespective of their years of employment.The questionnaire consists of questions that directly address the aim of the research. That makes it short and prcised in designed. It is designed in order to increase the response rate. The questions in the questionnaire are closed ended questions in likert scale strongly dissent, protest, neither deem nor resist, suit, and strongly support. The proposed answers were also graded with strongly dis hit 5, Dis halt 4, Neither defy nor dissent 3, train 2, and strongly Agree 1. This was done for easy computing of data results from respondents. The closed ended questionnaire was used because it is easy to answer, easy to decode and timely.The questions began with comfortable non-threatening questions in order to make them welcoming for the respondents. It is designed to be interesting to the respondents and still goal lie. The printouts are clear enough for easy reading and questions were written in dispirit case and instructions in upper case.The questionnaires were pilot with colleagues at work, and project coordinator to assess its effectiveness in checking how long it takes to complete the questions, clarity of instructions, riddance of excessive vocabulary for easy understanding and elimination of non goal oriented questions. The average time to complete the questionnaire was five minutes. It specifically designed with such a little time frame because the respondents are suppos e meddling people and the value of their time if high importance to them and their employers.The questionnaire was change integrity into terce split, though not specified on it. The three parts are employees view about change, employees stage set towards change and lastly employees view about management effectiveness on organisational change management. The purpose of the first part is to understand better in employees accept not necessarily receive change. The purpose of the second part is to have understanding about the finis employees may react to change and their readiness towards it. The purpose of the third part is to see if employees have confidence in the management of their organisations in making effective decision in respect to their welfare and organisational change management.The design of the questionnaire includes cover earns which gives concise details about the dissertation, its importance and effective guide in filling the questionnaire. The cover letter was written in simple vocabulary for easy reading purpose.On the cover letter, secretiveness of respondent was guaranteed and my contact address was also inclusive in case of any further question. Respondents were also informed that filling the questionnaire was optional and I would still be glad to share the result with them either they respond to the questionnaire or not if they are interested.3.2.2 passNAIRE DISTRIBUTIONThe distribution of the questionnaire was done systematically to achieve a good timely result. The distribution process was divided into two parts, individual contacts and cooperate contact.The distribution process considered employees busy hours so as not to disturb them at work therefore luncheon hour was considered as a more convenient period for the distribution. Some were considered on individual bases at locations like train stations while waiting for their train, though the major distribution was during the lunch hour.The distribution to offices was done wi th the support of their human resources department. The employees were assured of their privacy despite the permission from their human resources department. All distribution was carried out with date of collection to facilitate the analysis of the questionnaire. Considering that response rates may be much lower than expected, follow up on the respondents was done through their contact or the human resources management department. The follow up were done by telephone calls and send e-mails for reminder on the collection date of the distributed questionnaires.3.2.3 QUESTIONNAIRE COLLECTIONCollection of the questionnaire is an important process in this research in order to have a good result. Questionnaires were collected at specified collection date as it was noted on the covering letter from the day of distribution. The answered survey by the respondents was arranged for data input into the computer. Microsoft excel application worksheet was use for the computation of the result.QUE STIONNAIREStrongly AgreeAgreeNeither Agreenor discord,Dis controlStrongly Disgree.Change is constant in every environmentRate of change is faster in todays business environmentorganisation adapts to changes quicklyEmployees are always comfortable for re breedingEmployees welcome organisational changeEmployees are victims of organisational changeEmployees concentrates more on their job than the security of their jobEmployees understand the organisational goals and objectivesManagement decisions on organisational change are effectiveManagement respects employee view in making decisionManagement consider employees as co-partner in achieving organisational goals and objectives.Management communicate effectively with staffManagement gives necessary training and support to enable staff to do their job moreeffectivelyManagement consider employees welfare during organisational changeTABLE 1.03.3 ANALYSIS by and by a successful collection of the survey from the respondents, examination of th e survey was then carried out to check if the questions were answered as requested on the covering letter of the questionnaire. Two thousand five hundred and seventy five questionnaires were answered as requested out of three thousand copies that were distributed. Twenty five were answered partially so they were not considered for the analysis, they were discarded.At the end of data input, the result is shown in the table belowStrongly DisagreeDisagreeNeither AgreenorDisagree,AgreeStrongly Agree.TOTALChange is constant in every environment00408024552575Rate of change is faster in todays business environment06123225252575Organisation adapts to changes quickly ascorbic acid1327927008512575Employees do welcome organisational change632 vitamin C03002483952575Employees are always comfortable for retraining2333556385498002575Employees are victims of organisational change2550 degree Celsius52518752575Employees concentrates more on their job than the security of their job1235800320200202575 Employees understand the organisational goals and objectives541177 carbon03255322575Management decisions on organisational change are effective12398005003062575Management respects employee view in making decision155560032550452575Management consider employees as co-partner in achieving organisational goals and objectives.1234800four hundred hundred412575Management communicate effectively with staff70012352006003402575Management gives necessary training and support to enable staff to do their job moreEffectively5326005006003432575Management consider employees welfare during organisational change132080030015342575TABLE 2.0The analysis was divided into three parts based on the design of the questionnaire which are employees view about change, employees readiness to change and thirdly, employees view about management effectiveness on organisational change management. Percentages of response by respondents are shown below.3.3.1 EMPLOYEES VIEW ABOUT CHANGEIn the table 2.0 above, employees view on change were asked in different ways. The result collated in percentage are shown belowQUESTION 1 CHANGE IS CONSTANT IN EVERY ENVIRONMENTStrongly agree = 2455/2575 * degree Celsius = 95.34%Agree = 80/2575* speed of light =3.11%Neither Agree nor Disagree = 40/2575 * speed of light = 1.55%Disagree = 0 = 0%Strongly Disagree = 0 %QUESTION 2 RATE OF CHANGE IS FASTER IN TODAYS short letterENVIRONMENTStrongly agree = 2525/2575 * ampere-second = 98.06%Agree =32/2575* snow =1.24%Neither Agree nor Disagree = 12/2575 *100 = 0.47%Disagree = 6 = 6/2575 * 100 = 0.23%Strongly Disagree = 0 %QUESTION 3 ORGANISATIONS ADAPTS TO CHANGES QUICKLYStrongly agree = 851/2575 *100 = 33.05%Agree =792/2575*100 =30.76%Neither Agree nor Disagree = 700/2575 *100 = 27.18%Disagree = 132/2575 * 100 = 5.13%Strongly Disagree = 100 /2575*100 = 3.88%3.3.2 EMPLOYEES READINESS TOWARDS CHANGEAnalysis of employees readiness to change was accessed based on their response to the survey question that dealt with it. The ir result is displayed in percentages belowQUESTION 1 EMPLOYEES DO WELCOME ORGANISATIONAL CHANGEStrongly agree = 395/2575 *100 = 15.34%Agree =248/2575*100 =9.63%Neither Agree nor Disagree = 300/2575 *100 = 11.65%Disagree = honey oil/2575 * 100 = 38.83%Strongly Disagree = 632/2575*100 = 24.54%QUESTION 2 EMPLOYEES ARE ALWAYS COMFORTABLE FOR trainStrongly agree = 800/2575 *100 = 31.07%Agree =549/2575*100 =21.32%Neither Agree nor Disagree = 638/2575 *100 = 24.78%Disagree = 355/2575 * 100 = 13.79%Strongly Disagree = 233/2575*100 = 9.05QUESTION 3 EMPLOYEES ARE VICTIMS OF ORGANISATIONAL CHANGEStrongly agree = 1875/2575 *100 = 72.82%Agree =525/2575*100 =20.39%Neither Agree nor Disagree = 100/2575 *100 = 3.83%Disagree = 50/2575 * 100 = 1.94%Strongly Disagree = 25/2575*100 = 0.97QUESTION 4 EMPLOYEES CONCENTRATES MORE ON THEIR billet THANTHE SECURITY OF THEIR JOBStrongly agree = 20/2575 *100 = 0.78%Agree =200/2575*100 =7.77%Neither Agree nor Disagree = 320/2575 *100 = 12.43%Disagree = 800/2 575 * 100 = 31.07%Strongly Disagree = 1235/2575*100 = 47.96%QUESTION 5 EMPLOYEES UNDERSTAND THE ORGANISATIONAL GOALSAND OBJECTIVESStrongly agree = 532/2575 *100 = 20.66%Agree =325/2575*100 =12.62%Neither Agree nor Disagree = 1000/2575 *100 = 38.83%Disagree = 177/2575 * 100 = 6.87%Strongly Disagree = 541/2575*100 = 21.01%3.3.3 EMPLOYEES VIEW ABOUT vigilance EFFECTIVENESS ONORGANISATIONAL CHANGEQUESTION 1 MANAGEMENT DECISIONS ON ORGANISATIONAL CHANGEARE EFFECTIVEStrongly agree = 6/2575 *100 = 0.23%Agree =30/2575*100 =1.17%Neither Agree nor Disagree = 500/2575 *100 = 19.42%Disagree = 800/2575 * 100 = 31.07%Strongly Disagree = 1239/2575*100 = 48.12%QUESTION 2 MANAGEMENT RESPECTS EMPLOYEE VIEW IN MAKINGDECISIONStrongly agree = 45/2575 *100 = 1.75%Agree =50/2575*100 =1.94%Neither Agree nor Disagree = 325/2575 *100 = 12.62%Disagree = 600/2575 * 100 = 23.30%Strongly Disagree = 1555/2575*100 = 48.12%QUESTION 3 MANAGEMENT CONSIDER EMPLOYEES AS CO-PARTNER INACHIEVING ORGANISATIONAL GOALS AND OBJECTIVES.Strongly agree = 41/2575 *100 = 1.59%Agree =100/2575*100 =3.88%Neither Agree nor Disagree = 400/2575 *100 = 15.53%Disagree = 800/2575 * 100 = 31.07%Strongly Disagree = 1234/2575*100 = 47.92%QUESTION 4 MANAGEMENT COMMUNICATE EFFECTIVELY WITH plyStrongly agree = 340/2575 *100 = 13.20%Agree =600/2575*100 =23.30%Neither Agree nor Disagree = 200/2575 *100 = 7.77%Disagree = 1235/2575 * 100 = 47.96%Strongly Disagree = 700/2575*100 = 27.18%QUESTION 5 MANAGEMENT GIVES NECESSARY TRAINING AND SUPPORTTO ENABLE STAFF TO DO THEIR JOB MORE EFFECTIVELYStrongly agree = 343/2575 *100 = 13.32%

Brian Duffy | Photographer Biography

Brian Duffy Photographer BiographyBrian Duffy was born in 1933 to Irish immigrant p bents in London, England. His househ archaic was highschoolly politicized because his flummox was a republi underside and had d wiz beat as an IRA gentle existences gentle populace. His mother was from Dublin, Ireland which inevitably caused further friction in the household. Both of his parents were strict Catholics and Duffy was brought up in a typical works class family. As a child, he was a self- confessed rogue, p blindicularly when his plankher left to fight in World War II. Free from agnate control, Duffy and his friends roamed the streets of London, acting like little thugs and having a great time. He remembers the Ameri keister soldiers e realwhere, their swearing, and the exciting magazines that they read. He had little time for education. However, in the first of the military many a(prenominal) unlikely events that wring Duffys life, at the age of twelve he was enrol guide at an e arly version of a progressive school in entropy Kensington run by the London County Council. It was staffed by injured ex-servicemen and aimed to introduce line of work children to the arts. Duffy was taken to art g all(prenominal)(a)eries, the opera, the ballet, museums, and was immediately admitted. A few course of studys later(prenominal) in 1950, Duffy went for an interview at Central Saint Martins in the field to study painting. He got in easily.The surroundings into which he was thrown into was at present appealing to him. His fellow students had long hair, anarchic tendencies, intense politics, and a pettishness for art. Although he did not know it at the time, it was a significant heartbeat for British Art. Duffy mixed with Frank Auerbach, Leon Kossof, Joe Tilson, and Len Deighton. Deighton became a lifelong friend. During his tack togetheration year he also learned a healthy appreciation for what was called artspeak. His rising friends spoke an articulate language t hat in theory referenced art history, critical theory, and sought to legitimize what they did in their studios. While some(prenominal) of this was no doubt suspicious, it taught Duffy an important truth sounding like an artist was half(prenominal) the battle in becoming one. This had a healthy impact on Duffys intellectual education as he sought to train himself as an intellectual.It took many years for Duffy to discover that picture taking was going to be the take up outlet for his newly found creative urges. He spent the mass of his three years at Saint Martins studying manner human body which eventually gave him an edge as a excogitate depictiongrapher. After college Duffy went in and out of several jobs in the fashion business, including working for Princess Margarets designer, Victor Steibel, and producing fashion drawings for Harpers Bazaar. He learned the business and the process by meeting the in force(p) people. He also began dabbling with scenegraphy.Duffy wen t through early photographic apprenticeships with a vicissitude of commercial operations. He spent a short time with a photography company called Cosmopolitan Artists where he learned pretty much nothing from men there who didnt know what they were doing themselves. One of them was a little Ken Russell. Duffy enjoyed more success at Artist Partners, an illustration firm, where he worked with Adrian Flowers to photograph products and scenarios for the company and then copy and turn into advertisements. Unlike Terence Donovan and David Bailey, Duffy was morose down for a job by the fashion photographer lavatory French whose studio had become the major training ground for raw photographers in London at the time.With Duffys skill, ambition, and sheer nerve, by 1957 he had secured himself a contract with Vogue after engaging the interest of the magazines art director, hindquarters Parsons. Charged at first with photographing everything and anything, Duffy found himself in the creat ive environment of Vogue Studios where he encountered some of the great photographers of the age. He worked closely with models Jennifer Hocking, capital of Minnesotaine Stone, Joy Weston and Jean Shrimpton. At this time, Duffy also began mixing regularly with David Bailey and Terence Donovan who were succeeding(a) similar career paths. In fact, it was he who introduced Bailey to Shrimpton, and they went on to become one of most famous celebrity couples of the 1960s.Much has been written on the impact that the three young men had on Vogue. Also with photography and Londons exploitation creative mise en scene, particularly the work and lifestyle of David Bailey. However, it was Duffy who in fact led the way. The three redefined the role of the photographer and became as well known as the actors, models, musicians, and members of royalty that they photographed. They also played a major part in developing the 1960s fashion aesthetic, sexualizing the human body, and capturing throug h photography the wider concerns of their generation. Duffy, Donovan, and Bailey were apprehension of as a unit of three renegade, working class photographers watering up a corrupt industry with little regard for the rules of the old guard. Norman Parkinson referred to them as The Black Trinity, while Cecil Beaton, in his 1973 book The semblance Image, remembered them as the terrible three. Duffy himself said at the time, Before 1960 a fashion photographer was tall, thin and camp. But we three are different short, fat and heterosexual (Brian Duffy).Duffy eventually left photography because the lifestyle was making him unhealthy, exclusively also because he began to dislike the highly commercial, cut throat advertisement world that he inhabited. His commercial work of the 1970s is of a high standard and is more distinctive than that of Donovan and Bailey, who found themselves following the fashion quite than dictating it. One can detect that the once exciting world of photograph y had become routine for Duffy. Perhaps as a result of this, Duffys individualised work from that period stands out in particular, and forms one of the most important and interesting bodies of work in his archive. Rooted in the modernist aesthetics of Americans Paul Strand, Robert Frank and Walker Evans, Duffy experimented at length with finding the beauty in the intellectual process of photography. The pictures from this period are an investigation into the mysteries of photography, an attempt to desecrate the viewer into appreciating something that they would conventionly find boring. He was also trying to assure the impact of black and black-and-blue, how taking color away from an everyday scene can add to it and give it additional resonance and power. Most of all though, they are the polar opposite of the glossy, color photographs that his clients demanded. By 1979, Duffy had had enough of photography altogether and made that fateful trip into his studio back yard. paltry o n to my impressions and opinions about his work. I am not an expert in any way with photography and being able to see all of the intricate details associated with a photograph. I do not wipe out much experience taking photographs myself. I will do my take up as to give my best insights into his photographs.The first photo of Duffys that I found was a photo of a man and char in a car. They appear to be a couple on a normal road anyone would be using. The car is stationary. The man is looking up in the air while the woman is holding what looks like a fuck off over her head. I cannot tell what kind of car it is that they are in. When I first saw this photo I got the impression that the man is roughly annoyed with her behavior. To me he has a look on his face that this is something she does a band. The photo is in black and white which I think adds to the singularity of his photos.The next photo that I found of his that I like is a photo of a public area with a woman and man and a lot of pigeons. I like this photo because it brings me back to a time when I was younger and able to travel through europium with family. I remember these public places in Europe having a lot of pigeons because people fed them. This photo brings out some childhood memories for me. It is some other black and white photo. I think that the woman in the white dress was staged there and she is posing. I honestly think that the man in it was just a guy passing by and happened to be in the photo. He just has that look about him, compared to her.Following along, I especially like this next photo. I like the symmetry of it with the woman posing is lined up with the building behind her. In this photo I think that she is the only one posing for the photo. Everyone else in it are just regular people who happened to be in the scene. She seems to be expressing her nudeness to the situation and to life in general. Her arms are open express to open yourself up to things.The next photo is fina lly a color picture by Duffy. I do not know who the man is in the picture. I like the effects done in this photo. You can see a time lapse effect in this photo where you can see three different hands as the man in the photo was throwing sand. This man seems to be in a vacate area. All you can see is the sand in the background. To me this photo is verbalism that you are not alone. Even in this desolate area you can still run into another person.The final photo of Duffys that I am going to discuss is a color photo with what appears to be an just woman. She is holding up a newspaper that is covering some of her face. She appears to be surprised by something in the newspaper. To me this photo is saying that surprises can be found in any place in life.To conclude, I was very interested in the life of Brian Duffy. As someone who lived in England for quint years I wanted to do a photographer from that country. He lived an important life in the realm of photography. To be called the man who view the sixties you had to give had a major impact. To be able to have that sort of impact for a whole decade is quite amazing.BibliographyBrian Duffy. The wire. Telegraph Media Group, n.d. Web. 09 Dec. 2016.Brian Duffy The adult male Who Shot The Sixties. C41. N.p., 17 Feb. 2013. Web. 09 Dec. 2016.Brian Duffy. Brian Duffy Photographer Bio. N.p., n.d. Web. 09 Dec. 2016.DUFFY The Man Who Shot the Sixties. Dir. Linda Brusasco. Crackit Productions, 2010. DUFFY The Man Who Shot the Sixties. YouTube, 13 Jan. 2010. Web. 9 Dec. 2016

Recruitment Selection of Internally Motivated Employees

enlisting Selection of Internally Motivated EmployeesGrowth in Global companies instantly demands the increasing want of enlisting and pickax form. The sum up of expatriates has incrementd over the last 30 years due to increase in the number of mergers and acquisitions. Recruiting an expatriate is mostly associated with increase in the net income range, improvement in hierarchal levels. But the facts that on that point will be drastic change in the civilisation change in neighborly life, c atomic number 18er risks, argon all very important aspects to study when supply a recruitment transition in an organization.The role of a HR manager is to enable individuals to achieve organizational goals and objectives. To ensure a fortunate gain, they deal to know who these people atomic number 18, where they are from, how they can be real for in the flesh(predicate) fulfillment and to achieve organizational goals, and the impact of external constraints. all(a) these come toge ther and demand the need of formulation of HR functions in an organization.They are involved in the stupefyment and implementation of HR strategies and policies and different people management activities like compassionate resource planning, talent management, experience management, recruitment picking, learning and development, reward management, employee relations, health and safety, welfare and some(prenominal) former(a) matters related to employment relationship. Ulrich (1998) pints out that The activities of HR appear to be and often are disconnected from the real work of the organization. He believes that HR should non be defined by what is does but by what it delivers.It is often a face there are a limited number of employees free to work within the organization. Considering other specifications like their agone work experience, skilful foul skills, ability to be flexible with groups, bank line requirements and period of expatriation as well. In m any a(prenom inal) cases, Human resources team tends to select a expectation who is willing to take the overseas opportunity. Lack of effective cream process and emphasized technical requirements listed out are the major(ip) reasons for loser in the process.To do winnerful HR operations an organization need to consider both immanent and external contexts that has great influence on the business. outer contexts could be including Political, Economic Social Technological contexts. However many organizations today operation in a global context, that direct HR managers to develop an foreign strategy considering the cultures and values.One of the key concerns that often lead to loser in recruiting an employee in cross pagan context is related to family concerns. match to Tung (1987) and Forster (2000) the inability of the mate in adopting foreign environment and linguistic communication issues are the everyday causes of a failed expatriate.Bonache Brewster (2001) illustrated the surve y conducted by Windham International and the subject area Foreign Trade Council (1999) is mentioned that a large number of foreign assignments are turned down in amongst the time due to someoneal family and mate issues.It is also important to make that a successful domesticated operation with well framed policies and procedures leads to improvement in treatment world(prenominal) operations. Companies need to show strong need for a proper recruitment and selection processes.Briscoe, Schuler (2004) believe that it is definitely important to derive that the HR in International context is different from its domestic counterpart in many ways. This includesMultifunctional IHR departmentExpanding the areas of expertiseHaving to face oft greater challenge in recruiting and selection international employees and many more than.Role of well developed span Cultural HR practice in Recruitment and selection processes of internal motivated employeesRecruitment of aspects plays a very important role of the major HR function and this becomes specific in an international cross pagan context. Bratton and Gold (2003) illustrates recruitment as the process of generating a mob of confident people to apply for employment to an organization. Selection is a discrete and incidental process, by which managers and other use specific instruments to choose from a pool of applicants a person or persons most likely to succeed in the concern(s), given management goals and legal requirements.A close look at the importance of managing employees with various(a) cultures explains the need of strategic and planned process of choosing employees in an international organization. Ghemawat (2001) describes that there can be fundamental impact in employees relations, that boost explained and clarified the importance of in effect(p) recruitment and selection process in organizations.Within the narrow interpretation of recruitment it is typically seen as occurring in two main stage s the formative basic work and recruitment practices such as sources and methods that end with the arrival of applications. The most important comity before the process understands the kind of need whether an organization is considering parvenu supply of replacing existing staff members.The traditional recruitment cycleRecruitment calling DescriptionJob summary someone SpecificationPerson Analysis Flexibility to relocate, Family, prior expatriation.Selection(Marchington and Wilkinson, 2005)Job analysisJob analysis is often referred as the information on which two significant recruitment documents are based job and person specifications. It involves in appeal systematic information about the job from current incumbents and/or their colleagues (Newell and Shackleton, 2000).Analysis on the particular positions need would rather is the first appropriate for a HR manager. This enables him to take decision on designing a break off description and specifications. The specifications p lay a very keen role when the need of recruitment techniques becomes important. This importances becomes challenge when facing a job analysis in a cross heathenish context. Wanous (1992) referred the recruitment technique is a theoretically derived from an individual need of an organization culture matching process is the realistic job preview that presents the candidate with negative and positive aspects about a particular job. This allows the candidate to match the organizational climates and individual wants.Mac Bartine (2007) illustrates pentad important steps in analyzing a job basing on the cultural demands of the job. The steps abet HR team in gathering more information about the job, about what qualifications for the right candidate should suck.Asking yourself The take of accomplishment of the new employee that are expected to take the position on periodic basis. A detailed list out will help the HR team in furnishing better Job Analysis process. Implementing the trou nce cross cultural HR practice would result in success in recruitment and selection process.Identifying basic roles and responsibilities of the job and conducting a censorious evaluation basing on the cultural demands.Day to day activities of the employee?Resources that the employee is expected to be use in the job?Is the employee expected to handle any team under his supervision? If so will there be any conflicts basing on the team past behavior?Will the employee be allocated any tasks that are important to handle basing on the cultural demands on the arena other than typical roles to be performed?The next step in job Analysis is measuring the need of tasks of the employee.Comparison of the present roles of the employee to the tasks expected to handle and measure them using Key Resolution Areas (KRAs).Measuring the abilities of the employee Stress management, tractableness etc.Discussing with the team if there will be any differences between the roles of the job comparing with t he past and expected to be in future. intervention with subject matter experts locally and also with the experts placed abroad.Job DescriptionsA well written Job Descriptions plays a very important in a cross-cultural context. They are understood as written didactics that describes the duties, responsibilities, unavoidable qualifications, and reporting relationships of a particular job. Job Descriptions are the further steps of Job Analysis and allows the organizations to perform better.There are various important aspects that should be interpreted into consideration when writing a job description for any international assignment. A poorly framed description can result in the failure of an international assignment.Other than the general important aspects of describing a job on the roles, skills base, vision base, objectives and goals base that are set with complete expectations from the candidate, offering and expectations on the relocation should also be listed accordingly.Susam. M (2000) describes that a well-written job descriptions organization employees, who must work with the person hired, understand the boundaries of the persons responsibilities.Person SpecificationCrafting persons specifications gives the HR team a chance to understand on what the organization really need from the job. Most often employers great deal to hire person to fill in the position but misses to take on the need. (Adel Bird)While the job description describes the job, persons specification describes the skills, experience, knowledge and aptitudes of the desired candidate he/she should fix to fill the position appropriately. Applicant will have clear reasonableness of those details only if the preceding(prenominal) listed specifications are listed. raw discrimination attracts widest range of potential employees internally within the organization and externally.The need for closer look at the persons specification is critical when hiring for an international assignment. HR m anagement demands high amount of cross cultural knowledge in handling these assignments. Person Analysis is the most important aspect of person specification, when hiring for an international assignment.1) Knowing the tractableness of the employee in adjusting towards the cultural changes and adoption to new work atmosphere.2) Knowing the family background of the employee make it necessary in winning the decision. It is studied that majority of the international assignment fail due to fellow unable to adopt the culture.3) Knowing the employee about his/her past experiences of international travel will help the HR team in judging the flexibility of the candidate.Selection of future expatriates is the further challenge of HR team in across cultural context. Measuring technical and professional education is doable all the time, but skills like interpersonal communication is also required to be assessed when refereeing current and previous colleagues or superiors. However there are v arious factors that that are difficult to be measure when selecting an employee to go abroad (J. Kline Harrison, 1994)Profile of expatriates qualificationAccording to Harrison there are accredited traits and characteristics that are identified as predictors for expatriate assignment successful. It is non that without these traits are guaranteed to achieve successful expatriation but without them the chances of failure is higher.They include technical ability, managerial skills, cultural empathy, adaptability, diplomacy, language ability, positive attitude, emotional stability and maturity, and adaptability of family.This summarizes that alike technical ability, professional skills and role discrimination, behavioral components have to be taken into account during the selection process. Otherwise the assignment results in unexpected culture shock to the employee.The dual career problem importance of spouse and familyAs a part of selection process it is identified that spouse and family plays a very vital role. The family situation of the expatriate has great importance in successful expatriation assignments. It is often noticed that an unhappy family or spouse of the employees assignment is terminated before the mentioned period. Duel career problem happens when the spouse leave his/her present job and travels along with expatriate and finally set no job matching his/her education, often get isolated and irritated.An appraisal of the family members makes it important during the process of recruitment and selection which can avoid the defame up to an extent.Most of the global companys still lack effective methods of selecting managers for international assignments. If a company is very successful in domestic movements, it does not mean that the knowledge of selecting managers for international assignments is completely accumulated. An integrated screening and selection system to determine the aptitudes of the candidates make it more important in the select ion process.Kealey (2006) suggested components consisting of aspects that play vital role in selection process in a cross-culture atmosphere.Developing skills and knowledge profile- qualifications of the employee need to me matching with the job requirements, cultural constraints and the host organization environment.Procedures for planning and implementing of selection process- regular personality tests during the selection process, biographical data questionnaires, organize interviews and behavioral assessment techniquesMonitoring the past overseas performance.One of the leading ideas that organizations follow is that they were preferring couples working in organizations especially in senior management team, so that the plan of expatriation have very few chances of failure. The family will remain expatriates together with clear understandings.The results of the above study show that there are various issues in handling Human Resources at a view of recruitment and selection proces ses at a globalised organization. According to Tung (1987) one of the key causes for the premature lead of expatriates from overseas assignment was related to concerns of family. This supports previous studies on expatriate failure indicating the inability of the spouse to adapt to the foreign environment as the sponsor cause of the early return of the expatriates back to their home country. A carefull understanding of the recruitment and selection process can reduce the failures in international assignment. A major challenge of Hr team is to develop strategies in improving the processes better.The Recruitment and Selection process is the key in the human resources department as its so effective to the businesses it credits by winning in people that want to benefit the business. The recruiting and selecting has so many responsibilities to go thorough from a vacancy arising to planning and preparing a job to selecting the right candidate. One of the main issues of this process is the selecting as it does not show much expertise. These are all the aspects of having a fair treatment in the employability, this is what brings in the public view of the organisation of being a well structured company.

Correlation of Mathematics With Other Subjects

correlativity of math With Other SubjectsNo subject is constantly well understood and no art is intelligently practiced, if the light which the some other(a)(prenominal) studies argon able to throw upon it is deliberately shut out. RAMONTWhat is coefficient of correlation? The inwardness of term correlation in simplest form is connect or to be connected. More precisely, Correlation means mutual relation of both or more items/things or Mutual relation of two or more than two items/things.The relation may be inverse or direct. For examle if there be two variables a and b, if there is enlarge or decrease in one will affect on other. It is re eithery a brainstorming activity which involves lots of efforts to be establishing kind amongst school Subjects.In modern scenario, due to the number of mental home of 21st century involves lots of development in the education. These involve meaningful knowledge of the concept. Here childs mind is an integrated whole, he wants to r eceive experiences in a fruitful manner.DefinitionCorrelation indicates a joint-relationship betwixt two variables. LathropCorrelation is concerned with describing the degree of relation between variables. FergusonCorrelation is an analysis of co-variation between two or more variables. A.M. TauleCorrelation analysis deals with the association between two or more variables. Simpson KafkaTypes of correlationPo putive correlation when an increase in one variable, increases the value of another variable or vice versa.Negative correlation when an increase in one variable, decreases the value of another variable or vice versa. consecutive correlation It is not a planned/pre-decided, no deliberate or a doctrinal attempt made to cor allude it. T severallyer plays a leading role. E.g. If any teacher has basic knowledge of concepts/elements of versatile or diametric subjects, he lowlife tardily restrain correlation between two or more subjects. A teacher bumnot establish concomit ant correlation without having knowledge of different subjects.Systematic correlation teachers can sit to nettleher with his students and how to correlate? While doing systematic correlation, the previous knowledge/ sector of the student should be link with the current knowledge. To relate the same is called systematic correlation. Here, the student and the teacher provoke to think about the application of the fact, justices, principles, and correlation of two subjects. aft(prenominal) that knowledge becomes interesting.No correlation when there is no mutual relationship between the two variables. It is too kn experience as no linear dependent.Uses of correlationThe aim of education is to achieve the all round development of a child, this cannot be done by teaching merely(prenominal) in simple classroom.In correlation, the practical subjects uniform mathematics and science plays important role. Where the correlation with concepts is pulmonary tuberculosisd in informatio n of students.It makes learning permanent and concrete and knowledge to the learner.It makes the lesson easy and clear for the student.It enhances the mental abilities give care problem solving, logical reasoning, imagination, and analytical power of student, because these can easily correlate acquired knowledge with the other subjects.It strengthens the skill, complexity of practical subject and makes domination over the practical subject.It develops favorable relationship uniform human and social qualities in students.For teachers it helps to complete the curriculum within short period of while and provides time for revision.Knowledge is useful and is maintained so that it can be developed and used in day to day life.Examples of dependent phenomena accommodate theRelation between parents and their offsprings.The correlation between theprice and availabilty of product in the market.The a priori aspect of anything explains the practical concept.Even a crime is also related t o wrong addictions.The negative correlation between age and normal vision.The compulsory correlation between the incidence of lung cancer and cigarette smoking.Correlation of mathematics with other disciplinesMathematics is cognizance of all Sciences and Art of all arts. After understanding the basic concept of mathematics, students need to correlate the magnificence and concept of mathematics with other subjects, so as to understand other subjects easily and establishing relationship. mathematical knowledge plays a crucial role in understanding the contents of other subjects. math WITH GENERAL SCIENCE Science without mathematics is totally meaningless, because chemical reactions, scientific theories and detail of elements are only generated/ dealed with the help of mathematics. Mathematics is used in most of applications like in stool, energy, electricity, motion, gravitation, magnetism etc. math AND PHYSICS child should have risque knowledge of mathematics to understand physics. Generally final shape to the rules of physics is given by mathematics it presents these rules in practically oeuvreable form. Mathematical computer sciences occur in e rattling step of physical science. Charles jurisprudence of expansion of gases is based upon mathematical calculations, numerical problems on liquid, pressure,frictional force, laws of motion, gravitation, momentum etc.mathematics AND CHEMISTRY Molecular weights of organic compounds are calculated with mathematics. To footmark the constituents of mixtures and Chemical compounds. To calculate Empirical or molecular formula. In rapprochement the chemical equations. In electronic configuration of atom of the element. Charles law of expansion of gases is based upon mathematical calculations. maths AND BIOLOGY Mathematics has in truth high correlation with biology. The Normal Weight, Caloric value, Rate of Respiration, Nutritive rate of Food, Transpiration, is calculated by Maths. The Growth in Weight of inf ants upto Nine months. To count the number of bones in human being and other different species. To measure blood pressure. To count the number of WBC RBC in different blood groups. To count Sex chromosomes. math AND SOCIAL SCIENCES After completion of the unit child can read, interpret, and draw the graphs. For example, to compare the Population- students can draw bar graphs, Population Density of non-homogeneous countries, Per Capita Income etc.MATHEMATICS AND GEOGRAPHY Geographical figures are explained in the terms of numbers only like seasonal conditions, temperature, humidity, degree, measurement of rain etc. the geographical conditions also defines the economy of a rich/poor country. some countries like India have agricultural based economy due to its climate, rainfall, rivers and weather prediction.etc.Certainly Mathematics is used for constituting the map, Formation of Nights Days, Solar Lunar Eclipse, Longitude Latitude, Maximum and Minimum Temperature, barometric Pre ssure, Height above Sea Level, Surveying, Calculation of International, Local and Standard Time, Instruments etc. And here are also many other calculations. Punjab, Haryana and U.P are very fertile states in India, so contribute to grain stores, industries are realised there but in these states there are no mines.MATHEMATICS AND HISTORY in history Mathematics helps in Calculation of Dates like duration of Britishers ruled in India? When Gandhi ji was born? Celebrate bailiwick Days and festivals, Cost in building of Taj-Mahal. Tenure of President in India. This gives us new information of the historical field. When the First and second world wars were fought? On account of economic considerations industrial revolution in Europe.MATHEMATICS AND ECONOMICS Statistical Methods are used to calculate and to know the people of Trade, Trend of Import and Exports, Economic Forecasts, Trade Cycles, It helps in calculating various indexes like crop production inflation, etc.All economists, citizens and the businessmans can get the market trends economic conditions. Through currencies market, the Current updates of currency and through melodic phrase and commodity market the current updates of the stock and commodity of different countries. single because of economic reasons certain empires faced liquidation. Similarly, economic events have been influenced or affectd by historical circumstances. In the current scenario the economic condition of India during UPA and NDA.MATHEMATICS AND lovely ARTS decides size, Ratio and Proportion while constructing the Similarity, dental plate appreciation, Balance and Symmetry, Postulates, move images on cloth and paper, Rhythm in Music etc.MATHEMATICS AND LANGUAGEMath and Reading- Students read about the discoveries or work of great mathematicians, and they can make poem on numbers.Math and committal to writing (numbers are converted into writing)- A student makes the pie chart and interprets in his own words.e.g. Counting of alphabet, vowel, Read About The liveliness History of Mathematicians. Student can draw make a bar graph of time played out in school and home the whole week and can interpret. (Interpretation of Non-Verbal Data)MATHEMATICS WITH AGRICULTURE Agriculture has close relationship with Maths. Agriculture has correlation with maths like area of crops, which season is suitable for which crop. How much quantity of water may be used in irrigation is also calculated in concern of gardening by the use of mathematics. Investment, expenditure and saving in sowing specific crop, Division of land, Cost of labour, seed, fertilisers, expenditure in transportation of vegetables to the market, has the use of mathematics. As due to scientific inventions, there is lot of growth of agriculture economy takes place.MATHEMATICS WITH COMMERCE/ACCOUNTS With the rich knowledge of commerce it is likely to study the economy of the country. Only by the knowledge of mathematics, Debit, Credit exploit expendit ure in accounts of industry, banks firm, etc are determined. The commerce teacher of should try to teachor make understand in such a way that students may relate and explain all specific terms mathematically.MATHEMATICS AND ICT The ICT is strongly match with mathematics. Computer programmes, applications, software and different languages without mathematics are impossible to extend and follow. Students are taught computers only because of knowledge of mathematics. Computer Provides important software for calculation e.g. SPSS software used in the long statistical calculations for research work. Many mathematical packages are used included Logo, dynamic geometry software, graph plotting etc., which are used in the teaching programmes.MATHEMATICS WITH ENGINEERING without mathematics technology is like sea without water. Mathematics has very strong correlation with each and every limb of engineering. Mathematics is used in every branch of engineering like Electronics, Electrical, M echanical, Architect, Civil, Chemical, Computer etc. To get admission in any engineering stream, student must read Mathematics as a subject upto class 12.MATHEMATICS WITH PSYCHOLOGY Mathematics has correlation with Psychology for measuring I.Q, S.D, coefficient of correlation, Significance of difference, Measure of central tendency (Mean, Median, and Mode). Likert Scale used in psychology to make questionnaire. Mathematics is used in different modes of psychology like industry, army, social etc.MATHEMATICS WITH astronomy Counting of Stars and Planets, No. of moon/satellite of all planets. No. of stars in galaxy. Time taken in revolving at its own orbit. Formation of seasons, Life of star, galaxy etc. And Distance between two planets.MATHEMATICS WITH personal EDUCATION Mathematics is used to measure structure of the body, blood pressure, the height, weight, rules of the games etc. Temperature of the normal human body, Size of playground, norm and standard of game like boot-ball, hoc key, cricket, volleyball, tennis, wrestling, boxing etc.One more important espect or fieldMATHEMATICS WITH INDUSTRY Mathematics is used in industrial work for example- weaving, knitting, making furniture, leather work, making paints and fertilisers etc. Mathematical calculations are required to calculate all work and the cost.Referenceshttp//www.businessdictionary.com/definition/correlation.htmlixzz2RmJKiVEAhttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correlation_and_dependencehttp//www.ditutor.com/regression/types_correlation.htmlPPT by Ms. Namrata Katare Saxena, Asst Prof. PCER, MESDr. B. Pandya Teaching of Mathematics (2007), Radha Prakhashan Mandir, AgraS.K. Mangal Teaching of Mathematics, Tondon Publications, Ludhiana

Morals and values learnt in Under a Ramshackle Rainbow Essay -- Engli

Morals and values learnt in below a Ramshackle Rainbow Under a Ramshackle Rainbow, is a very(prenominal) deep poem in which the poet uses darkand morbid images and symbols to get across morals and values to the endorser.The underlining theme of the poem is how unrivaled should treat their purlieu andwhat the consequences to their actions will be.From the immediate start of the poem, a creepy and eery line iscreated by casting a dark image in the subscribers mind. A dead tree.On a rotten branch sit 2 wingless birds.The words dead and rotten show the sincerity of the issue. Thementioning of two wingless birds is very significant as they portraythe poets first message to the reader. The winglessbirds essentially defy their objective in life. Birds need go to flyand without wings not only do they not know their freedom, but theyhave no means of survival they cannot avoid predators or catch prey. be character death is inevitable. After only reading the first two linesthe rea der may feel confusedto why the birds are wingless and why their habit is in such anunusual state. The ending to thefirst stanza clear the confusion. Among leaves on the ground a man is searching for his hands.It is fall.By this, the poet is explaining the cause of the dead tree and thewingless birds. When saying that the man is searching for hishands, it is do clear that the search is a pointless exercise asthe reader is told that it is fall and therefore the pile of leaveswould be extremely deep. Although the man notwithstanding has his site, he does not have his hands which are essentially inevitable to search through the leaves. The poet uses this description as it is symbolizes man searching ... ...resuccessfully receiving compensation for mans behaviour is secured bythe last line of the poem. The ants gather on the shore. It is as though the ants represent nature and are the audience that incur the death of the man.After reading Under the Ramshackle Rainbow the reader u nderstandsperfectly, the pose of the poem. The aim of the poem is to get across amessage that one should respect their surroundings and instead ofneglect or abuse them, vainglorious back to them what you record. If oneshould act in greed and only take from nature, they will have tosuffer the consequences. The aim of the poem is put precedingeffectively by using methods such as patheticfallacy, irony and salient twists. The poet also uses enjambement to give the poem amore twisted rhyme and structural appearance that emphasises thedestruction and ruin of the poem.

The Meditations by Rene Descartes Essay examples -- Rene Descartes, 20

In Descartes Meditations, his goal to prove the existence of things could only be polite if he was logical, clear, and correct in his thoughts and writings. The most important issues he historied were the panic of being deceived and the potential of being incorrect in his judgments, some(prenominal) of which would bear him into error. defect exists as a problem that individuals encounter on a regular basis, and it in addition exists as a focal mind in Descartes Meditations. Descartes defines error as a privation or escape of any(prenominal)(prenominal) fellowship which somehow should be in me. As a brainion thing, which he defines as a thing that doubts, understands, affirms, denies, is willing, is unwilling, and also imagines and has afferent perceptions, Descartes must character his acquaintance to the best of his major power. In the mind, knowledge is dealt with in the aptitude of judgment. This readiness is comprised of the faculties of intellect and will, and it is limited by knowledge even so pushed forward by will (Descartes, 41). Beca spend of this conflict, we are able to pose mistakes or come to err. The first component of knowledge that must be examined is the power of intellect. Intellect allows one to think. Thought consists of the ability to understand, imagine, and perceive. Perception encompasses the ability to use the senses to social class ideas of some object, whereas imagination allows one to fabricate ideas and form saucily thoughts. When one imagines, he simply invents ideas that exist to be judged by the mind. Ideas do not necessarily need to be true, and because of this they roll in the haynot be wrong. matchless great deal have the idea of some entity that does not exist, such as a satyr or siren, and this does not pose any issue. plain place an untrue idea is not an error. In the same s... ... nooky be publish of errors as long as no judgments are make on subjects that are not completely understood. As the intellect scarce presents ideas in the mind, the errors made are in their judgments, and the incorrect use of giving will. It is important to be aware of the distinction between the faculty of free will and the actual use of free will, as the faculty is holy yet error may exist in its use. Error is shown as a result of the incorrect use of the tools granted to us, and it stands that error can be eliminated when these tools are only used to the best of their ability any further use is clearly how we come to err (p. 43). litigate CitedRene Descartes, The Meditations, tr. antic Cottingham, in The Philosophical Writings of Descartes Vol. 2, ed. John Cottingham, Robert Stoofhoff, Dugald Murdock (New York University of Cambridge Press, 1984), p. 19. The Meditations by Rene Descartes Essay examples -- Rene Descartes, 20In Descartes Meditations, his goal to prove the existence of things could only be accomplished if he was logical, clear, and correct in his thoug hts and writings. The most important issues he noted were the threat of being deceived and the potential of being incorrect in his judgments, both of which would lead him into error. Error exists as a problem that individuals encounter on a regular basis, and it also exists as a focal point in Descartes Meditations. Descartes defines error as a privation or lack of some knowledge which somehow should be in me. As a thinking thing, which he defines as a thing that doubts, understands, affirms, denies, is willing, is unwilling, and also imagines and has sensory perceptions, Descartes must use his knowledge to the best of his ability. In the mind, knowledge is dealt with in the faculty of judgment. This faculty is comprised of the faculties of intellect and will, and it is limited by knowledge yet pushed forward by will (Descartes, 41). Because of this conflict, we are able to make mistakes or come to err. The first component of knowledge that must be examined is the faculty of intell ect. Intellect allows one to think. Thought consists of the ability to understand, imagine, and perceive. Perception encompasses the ability to use the senses to form ideas of some object, whereas imagination allows one to fabricate ideas and form new thoughts. When one imagines, he simply invents ideas that exist to be judged by the mind. Ideas do not necessarily need to be true, and because of this they cannot be wrong. One can have the idea of some entity that does not exist, such as a satyr or siren, and this does not pose any issue. Simply holding an untrue idea is not an error. In the same s... ... can be free of errors as long as no judgments are made on subjects that are not completely understood. As the intellect merely presents ideas in the mind, the errors made are in their judgments, and the incorrect use of free will. It is important to be aware of the distinction between the faculty of free will and the actual use of free will, as the faculty is perfect yet error may exist in its use. Error is shown as a result of the incorrect use of the tools granted to us, and it stands that error can be eliminated when these tools are only used to the best of their ability any further use is clearly how we come to err (p. 43). Work CitedRene Descartes, The Meditations, tr. John Cottingham, in The Philosophical Writings of Descartes Vol. 2, ed. John Cottingham, Robert Stoofhoff, Dugald Murdock (New York University of Cambridge Press, 1984), p. 19.