Compare and Contrast of Literary Works Essay Example

Compare and Contrast of Literary Works Essay Introduction Traditionally, literary works have been a source of inspiration for cinematography and often directors borrowed some ideas or even the whole stories from literary work creating their unique screen version. It should be pointed out that literary works and films differ dramatically even though they are based on one and the same story. In other words, film does not necessarily resemble the original book the plot of the story is borrowed from. On the other hand, a film, being based on a literary work, brings certain additional emotions, feelings, and even sense to the general line of the story depicted in the book. Obviously, such contradictions could not keep critics, in both domains literary and cinematography, from comparison and contrast of books and films which actually represent two different arts though they may have a lot of common features. In such a situation on analyzing a film and a book, it is necessary to take into consideration significant differences between screen version and literary sample of one and the same story. To put it more precisely, it is necessary to take into consideration the fact that a film and a book produce different effects since they affect different senses. For instance, a film may use visualization as a strong tool of influencing the audience while a book is basically focused on imaginative thinking of readers. We will write a custom essay sample on Compare and Contrast of Literary Works specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Compare and Contrast of Literary Works specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Compare and Contrast of Literary Works specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer On the other hand, it is also important to remember about such a peculiarity of a film as its duration and fluency. In this respect, it is necessary to point out that the audience perceive the film as a solid, uninterruptible performance, while, on reading a book, people can normally return and rethink certain episodes as long as they like. Obviously, they lack this possibility while watching a film. As a result, they can make their judgment about the film and evaluate and reevaluate certain episodes from the film only a posteriori. This is why it is extremely important that the film had a clear message conveyed to the audience that could be perceived possibly more easily than if this were a book. However, it is hardly possible to really perceive the difference and similarities between a film and a book without comparing and contrasting some of them. In this respect, the movie and the book titled â€Å"The Notebook† seem to be particularly interesting for analysis since the film is based on the book and the general plot line is practically the same, as well as the main themes discussed by the author of the book and the director of the film. Also, it is important to underline that films and books, including the two mentioned above, are often focused on some really significant and disturbing themes and it is very important to trace how these themes, which are presumably common for the book and the film, are presented by the author and director and conveyed to the readers and audience respectively. In this respect, it is possible to refer to eternal theme of the impact of social barriers on human relations and the irresistible power of passion and such a strong feeling as love. Social barriers in human relations and irresistible power of true love Actually, it is necessary to underline that social barriers have been always in the focus of attention of many writers and the fast developing cinematography naturally focused on this theme as well. At the same time the problem of social barriers was often contrasted by the problem of their overcoming and eve destruction and often authors of books and directors of films referred to human passions as one of the major source and stimulus which could ruin any barriers in human relations. In this respect, such a feeling as love is one of the strongest human passions. As a result, it seems to be quite natural that authors and directors often refer to the irresistible power of love which turns to be able to overcome or even destroy any obstacles on its way to happiness. Obviously, the creators of the film and the author of the book â€Å"The Notebook† also tend to accept this point of view. At the same time, it is necessary to say that often human relations are too complicated and it is practically impossible to objectively present the real life. In such a situation, creative power of an author’s or director’s genius is getting to be particularly important to depict the complexity of human relations and the irresistible power of love. In this respect, it should be said that a director has more opportunities since he has assistants constituting the staff working on the film. On the other hand, it creates certain problems since each person working on the film makes his/her own contribution in the final version that may also make the film version different from the original literary work. Nonetheless, it does not make the significance of the problem of social barriers any less important and the power of love less strong. Thus, this theme remains eternal and both writers and directors would be focused on it. Social barriers in human relations and irresistible power of true love as depicted by the author of the book and as shown in the movie â€Å"The Notebook† Obviously, the problem of social barriers in human relations and irresistible power of true love can clearly be traced in both the book and the movie â€Å"The Notebook†. It should be pointed out that both the book and the movie vividly depict the problem two main characters faced in their life, notably the problem of a great social gap between them and stereotypes dominating in the society. To put it more precisely, it should be said that both the author of the book, Nicholas Sparks, and the director of the movie, Nick Cassavetes, attempted to convey a love story of Allie Nelson and Noah Calhoun who fell in love but were separated by an unsurpassable social barrier since they represented different classes of the societies that affected dramatically their relations. In fact, the problem was that human relations are too complicated that is getting to be obvious on reading the book, or on watching the film, since because of the social differences between the two loving people th eir relatives, notably parents of Allie oppose to her marriage with Noah who turns to be too poor for their daughter. In this respect, it is possible to speak about similarities of the book and the movie since they treat human relations in the similar way. Obviously, the complexity of human relations forms the backbone of the book and the movie. At the same time, both the author and the director attempts to solve the problem in a romantic way developing the concept of the irresistible power of love, which eventually led Allie and Noah to the reunification. Dramatic and fictional elements from the book and dramatic and fictional elements in the movie Speaking about dramatic and fictional elements of â€Å"The Notebook†, both the book and the novel, it should be pointed out that to a certain extent they are similar, though there are also present significant differences that seems to be absolutely unacceptable when the original version presented in the book is compared to the film version. First of all, it is necessary to start with the plot, which basically is similar for both the book and the movie. In general, it is a story of Allie and Noah who felt in love and had to overcome the resistance of the parents of Allie and social barriers on the way to their happiness. The exposition of the story starts in a nursing home where the love story of Allie and Noah is like a legend well-known for all its residents. At the beginning an elderly man named Duke tells this love story to Allie, another resident of the nursing home. Such an exposition is very important since the further development of the events will reveal that the two elderly individuals are not simply passive teller and listener of the story but, in fact, they are the main characters and this story is actually the story of the great love of Allie to Noah. At first glance, it seems to be quite strange why Duke is telling the story he knows so well but as soon as the health problems of Allie are getting to be clear, notably she suffers from Alzheimer’s, than it turns to be obvious that she is mentally unable to keep the story in her memory while Duke attempts to keep this story alive as a metaphorical symbol of the great love of Allie and Noah that has inevitably died in the past. However, it is possible to guess the extent to which the situation depicted in the exposition is really tragic for both characters it is necessary to watch the film or read the book till the end. Actually, the story told by Duke forms the basis of the book and the film. In fact, the events in the story develop progressively starting from the acquaintance of Allie and Noah and their further love. In this respect, it is necessary to emphasize certain differences between the book and the movie that are very significant. To put it more precisely, it should be said that the time line of the book and the movies is very different. In this respect, it should be said that according to the book the main characters are younger, for instance Allie is fifteen in the book and seventeen in the movie. So at this young age the main characters fall in love and face the main obstacle on their way to happiness – the opposition of Allie’s parents to her marriage with Noah caused by the differences in their social position. Nonetheless, Noah and Allie cannot help from continuing their relations and they spend the whole summer together. Than the things are getting worse when Noah and Allie decides to stay out late and have sex in an abandoned mansion. The tension of the story is constantly growing and it is getting to be clear that the further events should lead to the further dramatization of the story. As a result, Allie’s parents send police to look for her and decide to stop her relationship with Noah by taking her out of the town before their relations have not grown any deeper. This episodes seems to be one of the key moments of the book as well as the movie since it implies the departure and long separation of Allie and Noah who really love each other. In this respect, it is again possible to refer to the differences in the time line of the story since the separation of the main characters of the book lasts longer than it is in the film. In such a way, intentionally or not a certain effect is created. To put it more precisely, the following reunification of Allie and Noah seems to be much more dramatic in the book than in the movies since in, according to the original version of Nicholas Sparks, they have been separated for much longer time, while the director of the film has preferred to shorten this period. Probably, Nick Cassavetes was motivated by purely pragmatic reasons such as the importance of public opinion and moral values which could be shattered by the appearance of young people who fell in love at the age of fifteen. In such a way, the director could simply prefer to make the main characters older in order to avoid public prejudices. On the other hand, it may reveal the attempt of the director to rethink the story written by the author. For instance, he could change the age of the main characters when they first met in order to show that their love was really mature and they could love each other for real and it wasn’t just a passion caused by hormones typical for teenagers. At the same time, the period of separation is shorter in the movie probably because of the director’s attempts to make the story more realistic. Anyway, the characters eventually reunite even though a lot of important events have already occurred in their life. Briefly speaking, Allie is scheduled to marry another man, remaining ignorant about Noah’s love and his attempts to reunite since he has been written letters to Allie within the year but she has not got any of them because of her mother ‘labors’. Nonetheless, he still remains faithful to his love and builds up the mansion they dreamed about with Allie and it is due to this mansion they reunite. At this point, it is necessary to point out that the mansion itself is a great symbol, a metaphor of their love since it is resurrected practically from ruins exactly like the mansion restored by Noah. In fact, the moment of their reunification seems to be the climax of the story since it symbolizes probably the greatest change in the life of Noah and Allie since both they realize the strength of their love and the fact that they cannot actually live separately. Obviously, the climax may be clearly defined in both the book and the movie. However, there is another very important difference between the film and the book that is revealed in the denouement. To put it more precisely, according to the author of the book, Noah’s story is continued in the novel â€Å"The Wedding† where the writer reveals that only Allie has died, while in the film Noah and Allie dies together in the end. Probably, it is an attempt of the director to ‘recompense’ the lack of romanticism caused by change of the time line of the story. Also, it should be said that there are also other details that make the book and the novel different though they are obviously secondary, compared to the similarities and differences mentioned above. For instance, in the film Noah dated Martha, while in the book their relations are purely platonic, though in the novel Noah still had a serious girlfriend after Allie. Nonetheless, this detail also contributes to the general trend to shortening of the time line and even plot of the story in the film compared to the book. Literary points of view vs. cinematic points of view As it has been just mentioned above the trend of the creators of the film to shorten the time line and the plot of the story is obvious that indicates at the peculiarity of cinematic point of view on the story, which is different from literary point of view. On comparing literary and cinematic points of view, it is necessary to underline that they are quite different though they are practically identical in the general line of the story with the exception of the denouement of the literary work and the film. In this respect, it is necessary to underline that the main difference between the literary and cinematic points of view is in their view on the internal and external world of individuals. Obviously, the writer perfectly reveals the internal world of the main characters using interior monologues, descriptive elements and particular attention to psychological state of the characters. In stark contrast, from the cinematic points of view, external world of the characters and the complexity of human relations in its external form seem to be more important basically because it is much more difficult to reveal internal world of the characters in the movie while the perfect visualization contributes to better understanding the characters from outside. Anyway, it is hardly possible to argue that both the book and the movie are highly subjective and the differences that may be found between literary and screen versions of â€Å"The Notebook’ only emphasizes the extent of the director’s and author’s subjectivity. Use of a musical score in the film, editing, acting in the film, and director’s style It is also noteworthy to briefly discuss a musical score, editing, acting, and director’s style in order to better understand differences between the book and the movie discussed. First of all, it should be said that some elements such as music, for instance, seem to be properly and skillfully used and contribute to the creation of ambiance corresponding to the epoch of the story and viewers participation in the events they see on the screen. In this respect, it is worthy to mention that the creators of the film use successfully nostalgic music which traditionally sounds when the characters returns to their past. The same may be said about the background music which is also properly used. At the same time, editing work have made the film significantly different from the original literary work. In addition to the shifts in the time line, it is worthy to mention the flash backs to the past events which help to better understand the general plot of the story. It is also necessary to briefly dwell upon the operator’s work which is also quite skillful. The creators of the film use properly shades out and shades in when the transition from the present action to the past, i.e. when Duke starts the story, occurs and viewers naturally are involved into the love story from the past with the help of play of shades. On analyzing operator’s work, it is particularly noteworthy to discuss types of shot which are used in the film. It should be said that the creators of the film use deep shots and close ups in order to convey the emotions and feelings of the main characters that naturally contribute to the better understanding of the director’s message and the theme of the film. This is particularly important when the main characters talk about their love and sufferings. Long shots used in the film are also helpful for better perception of the life and actions of the main characters. In fact, long shots make the audience simply to be deepened in the epoch when the story takes place. Furthermore, it should be said that some details create some negative attitude to the film since they make the actors and the events described in the movie simply unreal, if not to say funny. For instance, such an insignificant detail as Allie’s skirt which is too short for 1940 indicate at the certain mistakes admitted by the creators of the film in search of perfection. At the same time, the acting, especially those of the main characters Rachel McAdams (Allie) and Ryan Gosling (Noah) who obviously started their way to stardom and this film was one of the significant steps in their way to the top Hollywood actors. On the other hand Sam Shepard and Joan Allen seem to be wasted as the parental figures of each of the young lovers. At the same time, it is obvious that the uniqueness of the film and its difference from the original book is basically the result of the director’s style which made the story faster developing, to a certain extent more realistic and at the same time more conventional to social norms. In fact, the director attempts to become auteur and the differences of the film from the book that have been found indicate at the fact that he has managed to do it successfully. Conclusion Thus, it is possible to conclude that despite significant differences and similarities both the film and the book â€Å"The Notebook† remain unique pieces of different arts and each of them has its own advantages due to the specificity of literature and cinematography. At the same time, the film based on the book may be also treated as an attempt to reevaluate the ideas conveyed by the writer to readers and make the story closer to the audience by means of its certain simplification and it is even possible to say modification. Bibliography: 1. Boggs, Joe The Art of Watching Films. New York: New Publishers, 2002.

The Meaning of Life Essay

The Meaning of Life Essay Free Online Research Papers The meaning of life in my eyes is to be a matchmaker. It might sound funny to say that to most people but its true. What I mean is that the goal in life is to make a new life. Being a matchmaker is not always that easy but if it’s perfected, can result in happiness or even the ability to create a baby. The start of this whole process begins with two separate individuals. One of them being the sperm, and the other is the egg. The story begins with the female. Almost every female human is born with about 1 to 2 million eggs and by the time she will hit puberty, only 300,000 to 500,000 are left in the ovaries. One of these fully matured eggs is released once a month in order to unite with â€Å"Mr. Sperm†. Each released egg or â€Å"Miss. Egg† is matured has undergone a process of cell division that gives it 23 chromosomes. That is the same number of chromosomes that the sperm will have. Miss. Egg, upon leaving the ovaries is then pulled into the fallopian tubes eventually leading to the uterus. Miss. The egg will sit and wait patiently in the fallopian tubes for 24 to 36 hours for Mr. Sperm to arrive (Fichner-Rathus 2005). The life of Mr. Sperm begins inside tubules in the testes. Mr. Sperm is not alone! He along with an average of 100 million to 300 million of his brothers is born with him every day. From day one Mr. Sperm is a prima donna. He needs to be in a nice air-conditioned room with a cool 94-degree temperature or at least three to four degree cooler than normal body temperature. In order for Mr. Sperm to stay healthy, he will need those types of conditions. Each Mr. Sperm will come equipped with the required 23 chromosomes, a head, and a tail to allow the smooth jet propulsion. After waiting 72 hours to fully develop, Mr. Sperm is ready to go. He will start his journey through a 20-foot long tube called the epididymis. This ultra-thin tube will act like a swimming school and get him well prepared for the jagged road ahead (Rathus, 2005). When ejaculation occurs during sexual intercourse, Mr. Sperm rapidly rushes from the epididymis into the urethra and out the penis. From the urethra of the penis, if all goes well, he will land in the vagina near the outside of the cervix. The role of the penis and the vagina is very important in this process. Here, he can only last 5 days before he will perish, so he must be strong. With the â€Å"survival of the fittest† state of mind, he must make his way through these obstacles and to the fallopian tubes before Miss. Egg perishes. Obstacles that may be encountered are the normal acids from the vagina and the cervical mucus. Millions of sperm will be killed by not making it past the cervical mucus. After propelling his way through the urethra, the cervix, and to the right fallopian tube, Mr. Sperm will finally reach Miss. Egg. Just because Mr. Sperm has reached Miss. Egg does not mean they are united. Mr. Sperm’s battle is not quite over yet. Once he reaches her, Mr. Sperm will begin to change again. He will make a change that will allow him to fully connect with Miss. Egg and unite for good. Along with thousands of his brothers, Mr. Sperm will begin a process called the acrosome reaction. Special enzymes will be released from their heads, which act like a drill bit to open a tiny door to enter the egg. As soon as Mr. Sperm enters the final layer of the egg, the last chemical reaction of the journey happens. This chemical reaction will allow Miss. Egg to close her door and say no more. The journey of the sperm to the egg is finally complete (Nevid, 2005). Now that Mr. Sperm is united with his match, his tail will come off. After that happens, the fertilized egg will divide into two cells and then double every 16 hours. As soon as they are together for three to four days, an embryo is created and drops into the uterus. The embryo will float for several days until it attaches to the uterine lining and begins to develop into a fetus. This long journey is one that will continue to happen for years and years. The sperm has a difficult task to make it to the egg that waits in hopes that they will be united. Therefore, my theory of the meaning of life makes sense. Being a matchmaker is not an easy job but somebody has to do it. Research Papers on The Meaning of Life EssaySexuality at Different Life Stages EssaySexually Transmitted DiseasesEnzymes Proteins Amino AcidsGenetic EngineeringLogic and Perception EssayImpact of Breast CancerThe Story of Beatrix PotterMartial Arts EssayTrans Fats EssayExistentialism and Phenomenology Essay

How did certain factors encourage or inhibit the development of Essay

How did certain factors encourage or inhibit the development of certain types of the state systems in at least two geographical - Essay Example The rulers of the Persian Empire used autocracy, which was a practical tool to handle the vast and extremely social-culturally diverse empire. This is contrasted with the Greeks whose fierce sense of independence is meant that only through democratic systems could their state systems be maintained. Among these factors is that when the Persian Empire was founded by Cyrus the Great, it consisted of a large number of peoples from different ethnic groups within it stretching from the borders of Greece in the west to India in the east. It was for this reason that this far-flung empire had to have four main administrative centers which were headquartered in the cities of Pasargadae, Babylon, Ektabana, and Susa. Because of the diversity of the of the peoples within the empire, the rulers of Persia allowed the various regions which they ruled some autonomy in the form of the satrapy system and this consisted of administrative units that were organized according to a geographical basis. The g eography of Persia proper was harsh, being mostly arid or semi-arid, and this was influential in creating a hardy race of people who had to look outside their own homeland to acquire the items which were necessary for their survival (Mojtahed-Zadeh 275). As a result of the geographical as well as the population diversity of the empire, the rulers of the empire tended to appoint regional governors known as satraps, whose duties included being a vassal king to the Persian emperor. This administrative system was developed in such a way that these satraps administered the region on his behalf and oversaw the recruitment of the military whenever the emperor had a need for it. For such a large empire to function well, it was necessary to keep accurate records so that all the administrative activities within it could be carefully scrutinized and organized. In order to fulfill these purposes, under the authority of the various satraps, there were often officials whose work was to ensure tha t all the records of the government of these units were well kept and maintained. The administrative system of the Persian Empire was highly autocratic and this was necessary because the Persians had acquired their empire through conquest (Mojtahed-Zadeh 273). This meant that they had to govern their acquired territories with an iron fist to ensure that any forms of rebellion within their empire were suppressed. Therefore, the Persian administration gave immense power to the emperor who had the power of life or death over all his subjects meaning that he was an absolute monarch whose authority could not be questioned. The forms of democracy which were prevalent in the Greek cities were absent in Persia, and this may have been a factor in keeping the empire unified since all the authority within it was vested in the emperor, who could either delegate it to individuals or take it away as he pleased. It can therefore be said that the Persian Empire developed its autocratic system of go vernment as a response to the diversity in the population within it and it is this, more than anything else which ensured that the empire remained stable for several centuries. Ancient Greece on the other hand consisted of several hundred city states which were completely independent of each other and the

Target Corporation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Target Corporation - Essay Example The full name of the retail store known as Target is Target Corporation. This name came to be known in 1962. Target Corporation has a main headquarters located in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The main headquarters is located right downtown. Other smaller offices are also located in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The state of Arizona is home to the financial headquarters for Target Corporation. Target Corporation also has two banks that are located in Sioux Falls, North Dakota and Salt Lake City, Utah (Target2011). These many different headquarters allow for target to provide appropriate customer service and financing. Target Corporation was not always known as the Target that is today. The first Target store was opened in the 1900’s and named Good fellows. Good fellows produced dry goods. The store was located in downtown Minneapolis. It wasn’t long before the company became known as the Dayton Company. Later in the 1960’s the first Target store was opened. The store was loc ated in Roseville, Minnesota. The store quickly became popular and expanded to the now known Target Corporation. This rapid growth came from a strong founder. The founder of Target Corporation is George Dayton. George Dayton was born in 1857. George was born in New York. Throughout his career he stumbled upon a retail store that his bank had foreclosed on (Soylent Communications 2011). This business venture was the start of many other additions. George acquired more popular retail stores such as Mervyns, Hudson’s and Marshall Fields. These many retail mergers led to the current Target Corporation. These mergers also proved the strength that Target Corporation has. George’s determination allowed him to become a successful business man and build Target Corporation to what it is today. The original business of Target Corporation was a Dry Goods retail store. It wasn’t long before the Good Fellow Dry Good’s Company became known as one of the number one suppli ers of retail goods. Products originally sold were retail items like other department stores. Target Corporation sells various products. Products range from children’s clothing, canned goods, jewelry and electronics. Target Corporation is a one stop shop for popular products. Target Corporations owns a majority of manufacturing facilities that help keep the price of goods low. The Target Corporation has a history as many different companies. Target Corporation is responsible for the Merger of many popular retail chains. In 1956, Target Corporation was responsible for the very first shopping center that had two different shopping levels. This new shopping center became the new face of shopping centers in America. Soon after Target Corporations two story shopping center, many similar shopping centers such as malls were spreading throughout the country. The target store was the first of its kind. The Target store of 1962 was able to offer discounted retail items. Offering discou nted items made Target a popular retail chain. The 1960’s and 1970’s were huge decades for Target Corporation. During this time, there were large mergers and the announcement of Target Corporations entering into the stock market. Another merger with Marshall Field’s later took place in the 1990’s. This final merger allowed Target Corporation to become huge generating over $30 billion dollars (Target2011). The success of Target stores led to the sale of Marshall Field’

THE IMPACT OF FDI IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA(SOUTH AFRICA, EGYPT, MORROCO Literature review

THE IMPACT OF FDI IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA(SOUTH AFRICA, EGYPT, MORROCO AND TUNISIA) - Literature review Example This aimed at providing a fuller and well rounded identification of issues that impact on the success and failure of most countries in transition such as South Africa in attracting FDI (Campos and Kinoshita, 2006:36). According to Campos and Kinoshita (2006), institutions, labour expenses, agglomeration, economies, and availability of natural resources are the main causes of FDI inflows to these countries. Another study by John C. Anyanwu (2012), who wrote the article Why Does Foreign Direct Investment Go Where It Goes?: New Evidence from African Countries, seeks to understand how the factors affecting the development of FDI will help the policymakers of Sub-Saharan African Countries in the formulation and execution of policies for attracting FDI. In this study, they used cross-country regressions for the period 1996-2008. Because they used cross-sectional data, they had to carry out four different empirical techniques to add more weight to their empirical results (Anyanwu, 2012:451). These techniques include robust pooled ordinary least squares (OLS), the feasible generalized least squares (FGLS), both OLS and FGLS methods to check historical data, and finally, the two-step (IV) efficient, generalized method of moments (GMM). These techniques ensured that the results are relevant to the African continent, its sub-regions and individual countries (Anyanwu, 2012:452). There is another study done by Ajayi (2006) titled The Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment in Africa: A Survey of the Evidence. In this study, they used case studies of countries under consideration as a way of collecting information about FDI. Their main area of focus in these case studies was identifying the common point that unites various factors that attract FDI to a country. They also sought to find out specific factors about some countries and see whether they could be successfully and beneficially applied to others

Differences Between Micro And Macro Economics Economics Essay

Differences Between Micro And Macro Economics Economics Essay Each NCC Education assessed assignment submitted by you must have this statement attached to the assignment as the cover page or it will not be accepted for marking. Please ensure that this statement is either firmly attached to the cover of the assignment or electronically inserted into the front of the assignment. Student declaration I have read and understood NCC Educations Policy on Academic Dishonesty and Plagiarism. I can confirm the following details: Student ID/Registration number: 4-16-03-09-010 Name: Mahabuba Rahman Centre Name: Daffodil Institute of IT Module Name: Economics Module Leader: Mr. Abdullah-Hil-Muntakim Number of words: I confirm that this is my own work and that I have not plagiarized any part of it. I have also noted the assessment criteria and pass mark for assignments. Due Date: 18th February, 2010 Students Signature: Mahabuba Rahman Date of Submission: 17th February, 2010 Acknowledgement At last, an arduous journey has come to an end. It was a great experience to make an assignment on economics. For the successful completion of the different areas in the process of writing the assignment, many people extended their helping hands and their practical thoughts as well. Without all those helps from different fields, it would not be possible to ease the entire process and make smooth works. In the first place, I want to express my heartiest gratitude to our respected teacher and mentor, Mr. Abdullah-Hil-Muntakim, for guiding us with necessary advices, whenever needed. This assignment is assigned by NCC Education UK. I would also like to thank NCC Education UK for providing me such an enjoyable assignment like this. Mahabuba Rahman Table of Content Task1à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. 01 to 05 Task2à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. 06 to 14 Task3à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. 15 to 17 Task4à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. 18 to 21 Task5à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. 22 to 24 References Bibliographyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ 25 Task-1 What is Economics? The Economists Dictionary of Economics defines economics as The study of the production, distribution and consumption of wealth in human society. Another definition of the subject comes from the economist Lionel Robbins, who said in 1935 that  [1]   Economics is a social science that studies human behavior as a relationship between ends and scarce means which have alternative uses. That is, economics is the study of the trade-offs involved when choosing between alternate sets of decisions. According to Adam Smith, Economics is a study of an enquiry into the nature and causes of wealth of nations. J. S. Mills says, Economics is a study of the practical science of the production and distribution of wealth Generally, Economics is a study of how people allocate their limited resources such as land, labor and capital to provide for their unlimited wants.  [2]   The basic economic problem is about scarcity and choice since there are only a limited amount of resources available to produce the unlimited amount of goods and services we desire. In an economy, people have unlimited desire for goods and services i.e. unlimited wants, but the resources in the world are limited and so we cannot satisfy all our wants and are forced to choose as to which goods to produce. Therefore, scarcity and choice or limited resources and unlimited wants sum up the basic economic problem. We can summarize this idea into the following figure:  [3]   Limited Resources Can be used to produce Limited amount of goods services. Which then satisfy Unlimited amount of people wants FIG: Limited Resources and Unlimited wants As we are faced with the problem of scarcity, there are 3 important economic decisions to be considered. What goods and services to be produced and what quantity i.e. how much to be produced? How or by what method goods and services should be produced? For who are goods and services to be produced i.e. who are to enjoy the goods and services produced? Opportunity Cost: Opportunity cost is the cost we pay when we give up something to get something else. There can be many alternatives that we give up to get something else, but the opportunity cost of a decision is the most desirable alternative we give up to get what we want  [4]  . Opportunity cost of satisfying a want is the next best alternative that has to be forgone (i.e. the cost of giving up something in order to obtain something else). As for example, a person has $5 and he can spend on chocolate or chewing gum or a combination of both. Price of a bar of chocolate = $0.50 Price of a bar of chewing gum =$0.20 Figure 1 Opportunity Cost There are 6 attainable combinations available to him using all his money. Assuming that he is consuming 6 bars of chocolate and 10 bars of chewing gum, the opportunity cost of the 8th bar of chocolate is what he must give up in order to get that 8th bar, which in this case is 5 bars of chewing gum. The line on the above diagram shows a constant opportunity cost of consuming 2 additional bars of chocolate is 5 bars of chewing gum. Opportunity Cost is represented by the slope of that line.  [5]   In simple terms, opportunity cost of an action A is the next best alternative action B that you give up. For example, if you spend one hour in reading then you are actually giving up one hour of fishing which is say, your next best alternative use of that one hour.  [6]   Reading for an hour means giving up So opportunity cost of reading is fishing. Differences between Micro and Macro Economics Macro- and microeconomics, and their wide array of underlying concepts,  have been the subject of a great deal of writings. The field of study is vast; here is a brief summary of what each covers: a) .Microeconomics is the study of decisions that people and businesses make regarding the allocation of resources and prices of goods and services. This means also taking into account taxes and regulations created by governments. Microeconomics  focuses on  supply and demand and other forces that determine the price levels seen in the economy. For example, microeconomics would look at how a specific company could maximize its production and capacity so  it could lower  prices and better compete in its industry.  [7]   On the other hand,  Macroeconomics is the field of economics that studies the behavior of the economy as a whole and not just on specific companies, but entire industries and economies. This looks at economy-wide phenomena, such as  Gross National Product (GDP) and how it is affected by changes in unemployment, national income, rate of growth, and price levels. For example, macroeconomics would look at how an increase/decrease in net exports would affect a nations  capital account or how GDP would be affected by unemployment rate. b) Microeconomics deals with the economics of the firm, examples are Consumers Behavior and Production Theory.  [8]   Macroeconomics deals with the aggregates, examples are National Income Accounts and Inflation. c) Microeconomics (small economics), which examines the economic behavior of agents (including individuals and firms) Microeconomics looks at interactions through individual markets, given scarcity and government regulation. A given market might be for a product, say fresh corn, or the services of a factor of production. The theory considers aggregates of quantity demanded by buyers and quantity supplied by sellers at each possible price per unit. It weaves these together to describe how the market may reach equilibrium as to price and quantity or respond to market changes over time.  [9]   Macroeconomics (big economics), addressing issues of unemployment, inflation, monetary and fiscal policy for an entire economy. Macroeconomics examines the economy as a whole to explain broad aggregates and their interactions top down, that is, using a simplified form of general-equilibrium theory. Such aggregates include national income and output, the unemployment rate, and price inflation and sub aggregates like total consumption and investment spending and their components. It also studies effects of monetary policy and fiscal policy. TASK-02 Demand Curve In economics, the demand curve is the graph depicting the relationship between the price of a certain commodity, and the amount of it that consumers are willing and able to purchase at that given price. It is a graphic representation of a demand schedule.  [10]   The demand curve is a graphical representation of the data in the demand schedule. It slopes downwards from left to right indicating that the quantity demanded increases as the price falls.  [11]   The table below is the demand schedule that lists the quantity of a commodity that would be demanded at various price levels with a given income. It shows the relationship between quantity, demanded and price. Price Quantity Demanded 50 0 40 1 30 2 20 3 10 4 Quantity Price 50 40 30 20 10 Fig: Individual demand curve 1 2 3 4 5 Demand curves are used to estimate behaviors in competitive markets, and are often combined with supply curves to estimate the equilibrium price (the price at which sellers together are willing to sell the same amount as buyers together are willing to buy, also known as market clearing price) and the equilibrium quantity (the amount of that good or service that will be produced and bought without surplus/excess supply or shortage/excess demand) of that market An example of a demand curve In the diagram, the line labeled D shows a plot of that demand curve, say for blue jean prices and number of pairs demanded. Prices are P (in $) and quantity is Q (in number of product units) on this diagram. At a price of $75 (vertical axis), two pairs are demanded (Q on horizontal axis). As the price P on vertical axis is lowered from $75 to $50, the quantity demanded Q is increased from two pairs to three pairs of blue jeans.  [12]   Market Demand Curve:  [13]   The market demand curve is the curve related to the demand of the commodity demanded by the group of people to that different price. How a market demand curve is derived: The market demand curve is the horizontal summation of individual demand curves. Individual demand is the key initiator of the production process. It is independent of all factors other than the preference curve, prices and income constraint. The law of demand: lower the price, greater amount demanded, i.e. demand curve is negatively sloped Fig: Market Demand Curve Market Demand Schedule and Curve:  [14]   Market demand is the total demand of all the consumers for particular goods. It can also be derived by the lateral summation of the consumers demand curves. Price($) Market Demanded Buyer A Buyer B 80 0 2 2 70 0 3 3 60 0 4 4 50 1 5 6 40 2 6 8 30 3 7 10 20 4 8 12 10 5 9 14 The following demand curve is drawn on the basis of the data for buyer A, given in the above table. P 80 0 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Q Fig: As Demand Curve The following demand curve is drawn on the basis of the data for buyer B, given in the above table. In this graph the price values are set up in the X-axis and the quantity values are set up along Y-axis. P 2 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Q Fig: Bs Demand Curve Following is the Fig. of a market Demand Curve:  [15]   P 80 (0+2) =2 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 (5+9) =14 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 14 Q Fig: Market Demand Curve The market demand curve is a graph drawn by the combination of the above demand curves. The market demand value is calculated from the demand of buyer A and buyer B. The market demand values are aggregated values for the values of buyer A and buyer B. We have calculated the values in the above table. In this graph the price values are set up along X-axis and the quantity values are set up along Y-axis. A Firms Output Decision in the short-run: The short run is a period of time for which two conditions hold: The firm is operating under a fixed scale (fixed factor) of production, and Firms can neither enter nor exit an industry. In the short run, all firms have costs that they must bear regardless of their output. These kinds of costs are called fixed costs. Costs in the Short Run:  [16]   Fixed cost is any cost that does not depend on the firms level of output. These costs are incurred even if the firm is producing nothing. Variable cost is a cost that depends on the level of production chosen. TC= TFC+ TVC Total Cost = Total Fixed Cost + Total Variable Cost. 250 1,000 4 200 1,000 5 333 1,000 3 (2) TFC (3) AFC (TFC/q) 500 1,000 2 1,000 1,000 1 $ â‚ ¬Ã‚ ­Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ­ â‚ ¬Ã‚ ¤Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ±Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ °Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ °Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ° 0 (1) q AFC falls as output rises; a phenomenon sometimes called spreading overhead  [17]   In the above figure, when the firms production is 0 it has to occur $1000 as a fixed cost. And at the production level of 3 or 5 units, the firm has to occur the same amount of fixed cost. So with increase in the number of production units the average fixed cost is reduced. Output Decisions: In the short run, a competitive firm faces a demand curve that is simply a horizontal line at the market equilibrium price.  [18]   A Firms Output Decision in the long-run: Firms expand in the long-run when increasing returns to scale are available.  [19]   Output Decisions: In a decreasing cost industry, costs decline as a result of industry expansion, and the LRIS is downward-sloping.  [20]   In an increasing cost industry, costs rise as a result of industry expansion, and the LRIS is upward-sloping.  [21]   TASK-3 How an equilibrium price and equilibrium  quantity is achieved? We often show the market equilibrium through a supply and demand diagram shown below. This figure is a combination of the supply curve and the demand curve. Combining two graphs is possible because they are drawn with exactly the same units on each axis. We find the market equilibrium by looking for the price at which quantity demanded equals quantity supplied. The market equilibrium price comes at the intersection of the supply and demand curve, at the intersecting point. At a particular price, at the intersecting point, firms willingly supply what consumers willingly demanded. When the price is too low, less the price of the intersecting point, quantity demanded exceeds quantity supplied.  [22]   Figure 1: Market Equilibrium Comes at the Intersection of Supply and Demand Curves A competitive market is in equilibrium if, at the current market price, the number of units that consumers wish to buy equals the number of units producers wished to sell. In other words, market equilibrium occurs where quantity demanded equals quantity supplied. At the equilibrium price, P*, the equilibrium quantity is Qd=Qs=Q*, where Qd is the quantity demanded and Qs is the quantity supplied. The asterisk indicates equilibrium. In a competitive market, this equilibrium is found at the intersection of the supply and demand curves. There are no storage or surpluses at the equilibrium price. The effects of excess supply on market equilibrium: Market equilibrium is the situation, where at a certain price level, the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded of a particular commodity are equal. Thus, the market can clear, with no excess supply or demand, and there is no tendency to change in either price or quantity. The equilibrium price and quantity will be changed if there is a shift in either or both of the supply or demand curve. Shifts in the supply and demand curves are caused by changes in conditions behind supply and demand not price changes. An increase or decrease in supply will also affect the equilibrium position. An increase in supply shifts the supply curve to the right, thus lowering equilibrium price while raising equilibrium quantity. A decrease in supply, which shifts the supply curve to the left, however, raises equilibrium price and lowers equilibrium quantity. In Figure 2, the quantity supplied at price 0P1 (0Q2) exceeds the quantity demanded. Thus, we have a situation of excess supply or a glut in the market. In order to remove excess supply, sellers will offer to sell at a lower price. The fall in the price results in an expansion of demand, and a contraction in supply (movement along the curves towards the equilibrium point). This will continue to occur as long as there is excess supply, until we reach the intersection of supply and demand, where at price 0Pe, the market clears, that is, the quantity supplied and demanded is equal.  [23]   Figure 1: Excess supply situation The effects of  Ã‚   excess  demand on market equilibrium: Diagrammatically, market equilibrium occurs where the demand and supply curves intersect, at the point where the quantity demanded is exactly equal to the quantity demanded. Let us first consider the case where there is excess demand, where the current price is below that of equilibrium, as shown in Figure 2:  [24]   Figure 2: Excess demand situation Figure 2 reveals that at price 0P1, the quantity demanded (0Q2) exceeds the quantity supplied (0Q1). Competition among buyers for the limited quantity of goods available means that consumers will start bidding up the price. The rise in the price results in an expansion in supply and a contraction in demand (movement along the curves towards the equilibrium point). This will continue to occur as long as there is excess demand. Eventually, we will reach the intersection of the supply and demand curves, where at price 0Pe, the quantity supplied 0Qe exactly equals the quantity demanded by consumers. In conclusion, the market forces of supply and demand interact to bring about the equilibrium price, clearing the market of excess demand or supply. In this way, it is said that the market mechanism achieves consistency between the plans and outcomes for consumers and producers without explicit coordination. Task-4 Perfect Competition: In neoclassical economics and microeconomics, perfect competition describes a market in which there are many small firms, all producing homogeneous goods. In the short term, such markets are productively inefficient as output will not occur where marginal cost is equal to average cost, but allocatively efficient, as output under perfect competition will always occur where marginal cost is equal to marginal revenue, and therefore where marginal cost equals average revenue. However, in the long term, such markets are both allocatively and productively efficient. In general a perfectly competitive market is characterized by the fact that no single firm has influence over the price of the product it sells. Because the conditions for perfect competition are very strict, there are few perfectly competitive markets.  [25]   A perfectly competitive market may have several distinguishing characteristics, including: Infinite Buyers/Infinite Sellers Infinite consumers with the willingness and ability to buy the product at a certain price, Infinite producers with the willingness and ability to supply the product at a certain price. Zero Entry/Exit Barriers It is relatively easy to enter or exit as a business in a perfectly competitive market. Perfect Information Prices and quality of products are assumed to be known to all consumers and producers Transactions are Costless Buyers and sellers incur no costs in making an exchange. Firms Aim to Maximize Profits Firms aim to sell where marginal costs meet marginal revenue, where they generate the most profit. Homogeneous Products The characteristics of any given market good or service do not vary across suppliers Characteristics of Perfect Competition:  [26]   Large number of sellers. Only homogeneous products are for sale. Firms are allowed to enter and exit freely. Perfect mobility of factors. Perfect knowledge of all market situations. Absents of transport cost. The Fig of Perfect Competition is given below:  [27]   Oligopoly: In economics, an oligopoly is a market form in which a market or industry is dominated by a small number of sellers (oligopolists). The word is derived, by analogy with monopoly, from the Greek oligoi few and poleein to sell. Because there are few sellers, each oligopolistic is likely to be aware of the actions of the others. The decisions of one firm influence, and are influenced by, the decisions of other firms. Strategic planning by oligopolistic needs to be taken into account as a likely response of the other market participants.  [28]   This causes oligopolistic markets and industries to be a high risk for collusion.  [29]   Oligopoly is a common market form. As a quantitative description of oligopoly, the four-firm concentration ratio is often utilized. This measure expresses the market share of the four largest firms in an industry as a percentage.  [30]   In short, Oligopoly is a situation in which a particular market is controlled by a small group of firms.  [31]   In other words, Oligopoly is the state of limited competition between few producers or sellers. Characteristics of Oligopoly:  [32]   Only few companies in the market. Sell either homogenous products or differentiated products. Barriers of entry exist. Mutual interdependence in decision-making Non-price competition exists. An oligopoly is much like a  monopoly, in which  only one company exerts control over most of a market. In an oligopoly, there are at least two firms controlling the market. Kinked demand curve is a demand curve made up of two parts; its suggested oligopolistic follow each reductions, but not price rises. Kinked demand curve can be used to explain why prices in oligopolistic markets are often rigid or stable for relatively long periods of time. Price Rigidity is a condition where one follows a decrease in price but not an increase in price. This is due to the ability of other firms to match prices with it and it often leads to a kinked demand curve.  [33]   Task-5 Keynesian economics: Keynesian economics (also called Keynesianism Theory) is a macroeconomic theory based on the ideas of 20th-century British economist John Maynard Keynes. Keynesian economics argues that private sector decisions sometimes lead to inefficient macroeconomic outcomes and therefore advocates active policy responses by the public sector, including monetary policy actions by the central bank and fiscal policy actions by the government to stabilize output over the business cycle. The theories forming the basis of Keynesian economics were first presented in The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, published in 1936; the interpretations of Keynes are contentious, and several schools of thought claim his legacy.  [34]   Keynesian economics advocates a mixed economy-predominantly private sector, but with a large role of government and public sector-and served as the economic model during the latter part of the Great Depression, World War II, and the post-war Golden Age of Capitalism, 1945-1973, though it lost some influence following the stagflation of the 1970s. As a middle way between laissez-faire capitalism and socialism, it has been and continues to be attacked from both the right and the left. The advent of the global financial crisis in 2007 has caused resurgence in Keynesian thought. Keynesian economics has provided the theoretical underpinning for the plans of President Barack Obama, Prime Minister Gordon Brown and other global leaders to rescue the world economy. Keynesian economics An approach to economic theory and policy derived from the influential writings of the English economist John Maynard Keynes (1883-1946). Prior to Keynes, governments tended to be guided by the argument of laissez-faire economics that an unregulated economy would tend to move towards full employment, and thence equilibrium. Keynes argued (in The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, 1936) that equilibrium could be established before that point was reached, and therefore that governments wishing to achieve full employment had actively to intervene in the economy by stimulating aggregate demand; and, conversely, that if full employment resulted in inflation they should act to reduce aggregate demand, in both cases by using the devices of tax (fiscal) policy, government expenditure, and monetary policy (changes in interest rates and the supply of credit). Keynesianism, though forming the basis of economic policy in most Western societies for three decades after the Second World War, was itself challenged by the appearance of stagflation (simultaneous recession and inflation) in the 1970s, and consequently by the economic theories of monetarism. The dispute between these two approaches currently forms the major axis of disagreement within modern economics.  [35]   Monetarist Economics: The Monetarists theory is a development of earlier Classical theoretical work. Their main contribution is in updating many of these ideas to fit them into a more modern context.

Importance of Tourism

Some people think tourism is just going to a travel agency and buying a tour to visit a place. However, there are more issues involved with this field than people can imagine. According to the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) tourism represented 5% of the direct global GDS, offering 235 million jobs worldwide and generating more than US$ 1 billion for local communities where it is developed. It is clear, therefore, that tourism brings advantages to a country, but there are obviously disadvantages.This essay will demonstrate that tourism is much more than a simple trip and can positively or negatively affect different aspects and it will argue the importance of planning before tourism is developed will be explored. Discussion of the positive and negative aspects of tourism will be really complex (Ragsdale, n. d. ). To better comprehend the positive and negative consequences generated by tourism, it is important to evaluate each aspect linked separately. Economical, environmental, cu ltural and social aspects are the most significant aspects.Economic effects are the first benefits to the host country. Tourism increases job opportunities, because it creates new roles, such as servers, hotel staff, retail outlets and tour guides. Moreover, the population also can work in jobs of new hotels and facilities created as result of the tourism industry. (Ragsdale, n. d. ). Some other effects are the economic development, the improvement of income, the currency and the employment (Rodrigues, 2012). As an example, Bahamas have the tourism as their mainly local economy and source of jobs.The tourism guarantees employment for more than half of community, directly or indirectly. (Members of the Demand Media Studios Community, n. d. ). Before tourism being developed in this region the population was living in poor life conditions and occupying worst job positions. Regarding the environmental aspect, tourism can be a reason to protect the nature and the money collected from tic kets to visit parks makes people obey rules to preserve the park. This industry also gives a chance to understand how the environment works.  (Allen, n. d. ).Additionally, conservation of natural areas, rising environmental quality, stimulating the participation of people with the environment, improvement of infrastructure and increased awareness of the environment are some example of positive effects of tourism. (Rodrigues, 2012). Cultural and social aspects are some of the touristic attractions. This direct contact teaches visitors a new view and it is lucrative for the local population. (Ragsdale, n. d. ).Furthermore, tourism can help to conserve cultural heritage, the cultural exchanges and the renewal of cultural pride. Also it promotes peace and greater empowerment of women (Rodrigues, 2012). In Bahamas the cultural identity is a concern of local government about the trivialization of crafts and influences of other cultures about changing local traditions. (Members of the De mand Media Studios Community, n. d. ). Probably, without tourism the government would never think about the Bahamas traditions.On the other hand, negative effects are being showed too (Allen, n. d. ). Economically, it is important consider how to finance and maintain tourism, because it can also encroach on the community with companies from another country, taking part of the profits instead of local population. (Ragsdale, n. d. ). In addition, tourism can aggravate social inequality, because if you didn?t have qualification, you would not have opportunity to work in this field. Besides, it can also raise the local and the housing costs around the touristic areas (Allen, n.  d. ).Bali is a good example of this situation. The tourism had grown about 80% in 2010 compared to 2000 and also had grown franchising and convenience stores around the city giving the profits to overseas companies. Moreover, the government gave a temporary residence to 6,000 foreigners allowing them to work; it was not very fair competition for better jobs. In addiction, the real estate sector increased the property values causing the local population to migrate to other cities and without much infrastructure.(Trunkl, 2011). It is recognizable that tourism also can be a disruptive mechanism against nature (Ragsdale, n. d. ). It can contribute to water pollution, air pollution, noise pollution, visual pollution and problems with rising trash. In Bali tourism are destroying the natural source and overloading local infrastructure, affecting the environment and the community. The transit is increasingly congested and natural areas and plantations are being devastated to build more roads or tourist attractions. (Trunkl, 2011).In relation to the cultural aspect, tourism can negatively affect the authenticity of community, disrespecting traditions such as religious rites and crafts. (Rodrigues, 2012). Tourism causes a really invasive situation and consequently the host community will be influe nced by tourists, endangering their customs, habits and cultural riches. (Ragsdale, n. d. ). Socially the unpleasantness between tourists and natives is a negative result in this area. Moreover, the excess numbers of tourists leads to a less quality of the attraction and it may increase the cases of prostitution, crime and violence.  (Rodrigues, 2012).To reduce negative impacts and enhance positive impacts will be necessary a good tourism planning, always based on social equity, environmental awareness and expansion of the local economy. Tourism planning is a mechanism of management focused in an actual scenario of destination analysis to project possible panoramas. This mechanism builds a guide to transform the current target into sustainable tourist attraction using the resources available efficiently. First of all, the government should involve and sensitize the community where they want to explore the tourism.Without this support, the tourism will inevitably fail. After that, they need to define the goals: what kind of tourism will be explored in this region; which kind of public will be explored and if all industry involved is prepared. Thus, they analyse all resources and create a strategy of product development. After that, tourism will be explored. Furthermore, it will be always monitored and evaluated to do constant readjustments (Miranda, 2013). In conclusion, tourism has a great power of influence in societies where it is developed in very interesting aspects.For this reason, tourism cannot be considered as something unimportant and it not even occurs without a planning. It should be well planned, executed and monitored results to make changes as needed. This dynamic will require well trained professionals and constant research in this area. It is no longer possible to think in tourism as just a simple trip, everything that occurs during any trip is interconnected and affects the whole society. Provide a well planned and sustainable tourism will b e inevitable for the survival of the local community. The focus now is to maximize the positive aspects and minimize the negative one.

Bhaviour across the lifespan

Erik Erikson’s psychosocial theory of development is I think explained best the personality development of an individual. His theory focused on the boundary between the child and the environment and then graphed the evolution of the maturing ego’s relations with an expanding social world. Psychological developments results from the interaction between maturational process or biological needs and the societal demands and social forces encountered in everyday life. His theory concerns psychological development throughout the lifespan, rather than just the birth through adolescence.He based his theory on the concept of epigenetic principle, which means that development takes place in order, clearly identified stages, and that phase ought to be adequately resolved for growth to proceed smoothly. The eight stages of the life cycle clearly illustrate the development of an infant to his older years. He believes that development does not end when maturity is reached, but extend s into old age which is very true. The process of learning continues throughout life. For instance, stage 1 of Erikson’s trust vs.mistrust theory, infants learn either to trust or mistrust that their needs will be met on the basis of their experience (Sternberg and Wilson, 2004). Successful passage of this stage leads to a child that wants to learn to become self-sufficient and to develop his own independence. At each step of development, children learn that certain behaviors are acceptable whereas others are not. The years of middle childhood are particularly for the learning taught by the family, culture, and society. Peer relationships become more important over family.Erikson believed that individuals on this stage search for an identity as part of the society and must balance the desire to be unique and the need to conform. Adulthood life stages focused on achieving unselfish love, the feeling of productivity and wisdom. Certainly, that many people experience conflicts a t the ages Erikson specified, everyone would undergo the eight life cycles, but then successful passage of these stages can be a healthy experience for an individual. Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has been regarded as a neurotic disorder, like phobias and anxiety states.A neurotic patient, unlike a psychotic, he is aware that he has a problem- that is, he has insight and his contact with the outside world is relatively intact. People with this problem can suffer considerable distress, and often feel that they are helpless victims. Severe OCD can cause major incapacitation and drastically affects people’s lives. Criteria used for diagnosing OCD are: a person must have obsessions, compulsions or both; the disorder is not due to another disorder such as depression or organic disorders.Finally, the obsession and/or compulsion cause distress to the person and interfere with his life and activities (Penzel, 2000). A person with this disorder experienced unwanted recurrent and persistent thought which is not voluntarily produced just like when one is saying I am obsessed in football but experiences that invade a person’s consciousness that can be worrying, repugnant, blasphemous, obscene or nonsensical. An obsession is a passive experience: it happens to the person.He may be engaged in some activity, like driving a car, when the obsession intrudes into his consciousness. It disrupts his normal thinking and behavior. Compulsion on the other hand is a repetitive and seemingly purposeful behavior that is performed according to specific rules or in a stereotyped manner (Maj, 2003). The behavior is not an end in itself, but is usually intended to prevent some situation or event, though, the action is not related in a logical or reasonable way, or it may be clearly excessive.The person feels a strong compulsive urge to engage in a particular behavior which he carries out despite resistance and recognizing that it is irrational or excessive. Recovering f rom OC disorder is not simply a matter of sheer willpower or resistance. OC individuals need intensive help in retraining themselves, both in terms of behavior and their outlook on life. Therapies such as behavioral, cognitive and psychotherapy are the treatments that were used by psychiatrist in order to help an OC person to overcome his disease.Medications like antidepressants can also help to treat OCD, but important treatment came from the person itself, his willingness and the support from the people around him. WORK CITED Sternberg, R. & Wilson, J. (2004). Psychology. US: Thomson Wadsworth Maj, M. (2003). Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. England: John Wiley and Sons Penzel, F. (2000). Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders: A Complete Guide to Getting Well and Staying Well. New York: Oxford University Press

conquest of Mexico and Peru essays

conquest of Mexico and Peru essays The Conquest of Mexico began with Hernan Cortez. Cortez after working his way up as a soldier and a writer in Santa Domingo and Cuba was given a rescue mission to the Yucatan to search for Grijalva who hadnt returned from his expedition. Cortez goes to Mexico and by interacting with neighboring Mayans he was lead to the island of sacrifices. This is how Cortez discovered the Aztecs. Once Cortez knew that there were riches and much more opportunities for himself he decided to conquer Mexico. Velasquez orders Cortez to return to Cuba, Cortez can not conquer Mexico without the kings permission. So in order to get around Velasquezs orders Cortez founds the city of Vera Cruz and sets up a council to assume royal power and allow the invasion of the Aztecs. Cortez, having such a advantage over the local tribes with his horses and guns, had no problem with the help of his translators to ally the local tribes, especially the Tlaxcalas, and get them to fight against the Aztecs. Montez uma, who hears of Cortez and how he slaughtered many leaders after inviting them to a party, meets Cortez at a marketplace in Tlateloco. Cortez easily gains power and keeps Montezuma on house arrest. Meanwhile Velasquez is angry with Cortez for disobeying his orders and sends a crew to arrest him. However when they meet Cortez he convinces them to stay and collect the spoils of conquering Mexico. As Cortez was meeting with his new addition to his army, chaos ensued back in Mexico City where Alvarado was left in charge. The people did not agree with the banning of the human sacrifices and an uprising occurred. Montezuma tried to speak to the people but as he was trying to speak he was hit in the head with a rock and killed. Cortez managed to escape while losing all his treasure along with a few fingers as well. He organizes a counter attack at Tlaxcala with the help of some Spanish reinfo ...

The Reasons for War essays

The Reasons for War essays Plato states that the "nature and origin of war" has to do with a nations desire for wealth and luxury at the expense of its neighbors. Although this has some truth, I dont think that its the only factor which causes war to break out. In this paper, I will explain other reasons for war, and also give examples of each. I believe it is important to understand what war entails, and also what it means to a given population. First of all, war can be defined as armed conflict between countries or factions within a country. During the time of Plato, war usually was the result of problems between city-states within Greece. Socrates and Plato both were citizens of the city-state of Athens. In this paper, I will refer to city-states as the two opposing sides. When we speak of war, it is important to understand that it is usually a last resource. The bloodshed which occurs sometimes causes a whole population of people to be wiped out. With this in mind, I believe a major reason for war is when a group cannot sustain living, because they lack the bare necessities of life. An example of this is in South America, where an indigenous tribe called the Yanomamos live. They are broken up into different bands and rely on the Earth to sustain them. If and when they run out of fertile land, they must find more, even if that means that they must encroach on another band. Many times, war breaks out between these two bands until the demands are met. These wars do not bring about wealth or power, but instead keeps the band strong enough to live. Another major reason for war is when a group of people are oppressed within a city-state. Usually, the smaller group is of a different race or religion and many times, the ruling class impose strict laws against the group. If the smaller group rebels, this will cause war within the city-state. There have been many examples of this throughout history. One of the most impressive o...

How does thalassemia affect the skeletal system Essay

How does thalassemia affect the skeletal system - Essay Example Thalassemia is a hereditary disorder characterized by a diminished or a malfunction of the production of hemoglobin; a blood protein that transports oxygen to the tissues, which results from the mutation of the manufacture of hemoglobin primarily because of the abnormality of the bones and the enlargement of the spleen. Anemia is a good example that portrays severe cases of Thalassemia; bone and growth deformities, defects and hemosiderosis (Barber & Stringer, 2011). The most common Thalassemias are alpha-Thalassemia and beta-Thalassemia whose frequency of occurrence is around 1.7% worldwide. Alpha-Thalassemia comes from the abnormal production of the ÃŽ ±-globin chain while ÃŽ ²-Thalassemia is from the ÃŽ ²-globin chain (Barber & Stringer, 2011). Alpha-Thalassemia affects mainly people from Africa and South-East Asia while beta-Thalassemia is prevalent among people from the Mediterranean, Africa, and South-East Asia. The predominance of ÃŽ ²-Thalassemia is higher in areas where malaria is or was once an endemic. Severe changes occur on the calvarium due to porotic hyperostosis as shown in figure 1 below. This manifests extensively on the frontal portion including the inferior portion, the parietals and the squamous of the occipital through porosis (Lagia et al., 2007). Due to Thalassemia, patients often experience extensive pitting in the posterior portion of the skull, which includes the parietal and occipital bones as shown in figure 3. There is also mild pitting of the frontal bone and the orbital roof as demonstrated in figure 2. For this reason, the cranial bones become thicker than usual, wavering from typical 4.5mm to a maximum of 10mm in thickness (Filon et al., 1995). The expanded diploe can be seen on the external surface, which becomes eroded over time. The trabeculae of the diploe become increasingly reduced in number, accompanied by the thickening and radial arrangement of the trabeculae that are left;

Ecological Services Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ecological Services - Coursework Example Access to green vegetation to both rural and urban inhabitants and availability of inherent medicinal resources is one of the benefits of naturally occurring resources. The concept also entails natural processes such as pollination of crops and climatic regulation. Ecological system concept includes enhancement of stable and vibrant economy in the form of raw materials for industrial processes, provision of recreational facilities such as tourism. Finally, the concept entails benefits associated with educational and cultural paybacks, wellness and motivation from interrelating with nature. In summary, the concept of ecological systems can be summed up into major functionalities such as regulation, provision, and cultural aspects in the process of adding value to individuals. The processes mentioned entail the most basic functions of the ecosystem in entirety. From the â€Å"Ecological Services of Rivers,† the most important services include the formation of the bacterial bodies and human bodies. From the lecture notes, it is stated, â€Å"Humans are comprised of nearly 60 percent water by aggregate measure, and we depend on water, not only for our endurance, but for our benefit.† The implication of this is that humans cannot survive without water. Water gives life to humans because it aids even in the formation of the body cells of humans. According to the lecture notes, it is intimated â€Å"All life forms, from unicellular bacteria to multi-cellular plants and animals, contain water.† Humans are the multi-cellular being and are dependent on water for the basic formation of cells and composition of the body. Another vital service is the provision of food to the living organisms including humans. Food can only be available when pollination takes place in plants. The plants also purify the environment, therefore, providing a favorable environment for undertaking of economic