The Comparison Between Psychodynamic and Humanistic Theory

The Comparison between Psychodynamic and Humanistic possible action Thither be rattling distinct differences between Psychodynamic and Humanistic counselor-at-law provided both ultimately offer the help and guidance to discover why we act the focussing we do and why we make certain choices in our lives. Throughout this essay, I will endeavour to explain those major differences and you will see that in spite of these completely contrasting methods of therapy, depending on what the problem maybe, they shadower both release very effectively in their own way. Carl Rogers, born in 1902, was the causation of the soulfulness Centred Approach or Humanistic Theory.His work was influenced by his acquire of being a lymph node and a counsellor (Case more, 2006) and he believed a trusting simileship was essential in helping the client to break and develop in order that they could cope with difficulties in a more effective manner and to function more effectively. There is a bull etproof ferocity of the need for counsellors to moot of their clients as people quite than neutral bodies. Characteristics important for effectiveness in the counsellor/client kind argon congruence, where the counsellor must be genuinely themselves, a complete and consentaneous somebody.Empathic, which is the ability to understand and appreciate the clients perspective. To live in their world and throw who they be uncondition onlyy and unconditional positive regard which involves accepting the client completely and in a non-judgemental way. Rogers believed that all humans own a natural desire for soulal growth and potential so that they potful take responsibility for their own actions and the way they live their lives. This view is called the Actualising Tendency. He believed that eitherbody had an inner need to wholeness.The self-construct is overly important in person Centred Counselling. This relates to the individuals sensing or the way in which they see themselv es based on lifespan experiences and attitudes from those important people around them when they were young. Abraham Maslow is another theorist whose contribution to the Person Centred Approach is very signifi hatfult. He proposed a hierarchy of needs which he believed were responsible for human motivation and drive. They argon as follows Physiological involve These ar biological needs.They consist of needs for oxygen, food, and water. They are the ruggedest needs because if a person were deprived of all needs, the physiological hotshots would come setoff in the persons search for satisfaction. Safety Needs When all physiological needs are satisfied and are no longer controlling thoughts and behaviors, the needs for protective covering can become active. Needs of Love, Affection and Belongingness When the needs for safety and for physiological sound-being are satisfied, the next class of needs for love, affection and belongingness can emerge.Needs for Esteem When the f irst three classes of needs are satisfied, the needs for think up can become dominant. These involve needs for both self- compliments and for the esteem a person gets from others. Needs for Self-Actualization When all of the foregoing needs are satisfied, then and only then are the needs for self-actualization activated. Maslow describes self-actualization as a persons need to be and do that which the person was born to do. According to Maslow it is realizable for people to work towards self-actualisation by practising behaviours which encourage the growth of confidence and openness.These admit trying new experiences and to challenge oneself, to assume responsibility, endeavour to be skilful and to develop a capacity to trust onself, Both Maslow and Rogers had very exchangeable views. Maslow believed that the virtually basic drive was to become the person that one is sure-footed of graceful and Rogers believed that the basic drive was to become the person that one actua lly is. Gestalt Therapy is a psychotherapy, based on the experiential ideal of here and today, and relationships with others and the world, and was co-founded by Fritz Perls, Laura Perls and Paul Goodman in the 1940s-1950s (Wikipidia 2004).Perls did not belive in a unmarried particular opening. He thought you should always just go with the give ear and work with what you have and what is happening in the now. He placed with child(p) importance on the client becoming self conscious(p) and therefore true the Gestalt theory. This therapy focuses more on process (what is happening) than content (what is being discussed). The emphasis is on what is being done, thought and felt at the moment rather than on what was, might be, could be, or should be.Perls believed in minipulating the client, bringing them out of their relaxation zone and challenging them. To own what you say and do and to be aware of unconscious(p) mind actions/words. In the 1950s Eric Berne began to develop hi s theories of Transactional compendium. He said that literal communication, particularly face to face, is at the centre of human social relationships and psychoanalysis. His starting-point was that when cardinal people encounter each other, one of them will speak to the other. This he called the Transaction Stimulus.The reaction from the other person he called the Transaction Response. The person sending the Stimulus is called the Agent. The person who responds is called the Respondent. Transactional Analysis became the method of examining the transaction wherein I do something to you, and you do something back. Berne also said that each person is made up of three alter ego states nourish This is our inwrought voice of authority, absorbed conditioning, learning and attitudes from when we were young. Child Our internal reaction and feelings to immaterial events form the Child.This is the seeing, hearing, feeling, and emotional body of data at heart each of us. When vexation or despair dominates reason, the Child is in control. Adult Our Adult is our ability to think and determine action for ourselves, based on received data. The adult in us begins to form at around ten months old, and is the means by which we keep our Parent and Child under control. If we are to change our Parent or Child we must do so through our adult. Transactional Analysis is effectively a language within a language a language of true meaning, feeling and motive.It can help you in every situation, firstly through being able to understand more intelligibly what is going on, and secondly, by virtue of this knowledge, we give ourselves choices of what ego states to adopt, which signals to send, and where to send them. This enables us to make the most of all our communications and therefore create, develop and fight down better relationships (Businessballs. com) Looking at the Psychodynamic side, Freud took the view that human beings are never free from their behaviours, thoughts a nd feelings.That we are governed by past events and reinact them in our present. Sigmund Freud is the father of the Psychodynamic Theory. This focuses on the unconscious aspects of personality. According to Freud the human mind is like an iceberg. It is mostly concealed in the unconscious. He believed that the conscious level of the mind was similar to the apex of the iceberg which could be seen, but the unconscious was mysterious and was hidden. The unconscious also consists of aspects of personality of which a person is unaware. The conscious on the other elapse is that which is within our cognisance.The preconscious consists of that which is not in immediate awareness but is estimable accessible (Himmat Rana 1997) Freud believed the personality is made up of three parts. They are Id the oldest part and present from birth and necessary for survival. The Ego realistic awareness of self and of the world. Has evolved through contact with the external world and is determined b y the individuals own experiences. Acts as mediator between the id and the superego and the Superego parental and social influences. clean judgement and conscience.Main function is to curb he demands of the id. When anxiety occurs, the mind first responds by an increase in problem-solving thinking, seeking rational ways of escaping the situation. If this is not fruitful, a range of defence mechanisms may be triggered. In Freuds language, these are tactics which the Ego develops to help deal with the Id and the Super Ego. Freuds Defence Mechanisms accept Denial claiming/believing that what is true to be actually false. Displacement redirecting emotions to a substitute target. Intellectualization taking an objective viewpoint. Projection attributing un pouffeable feelings to others. rationalization creating false but credible justifications. Reaction Formation overacting in the opposite way to the fear. Regression going back to acting as a child. Repression pushing uncomfortable th oughts into the subconscious. Sublimation redirecting wrong urges into socially acceptable actions. Carl Jung was an associate of Freud who disagreed on a number of issues and finally broke away from Freud with his own ideas.He developed Analytical Psychology and it consists of the following The corporal unconscious This is the deepest part of the soulfulness which contains all experiences that are inherited. The Personal Unconscious This is material that was once conscious but has become forgotton or suppressed. Jung referred to the universal ideas and images of the collective unconscious as archetypes. These are original forms which all human beings in all societies recognise. Archetypes can also appear in shared emotional experience and these unconscious ideas and patterns of thought are likely to surface during momentous events such as birth and termination.This shared psychological experience was regarded by Jung as yard of a collective unconscious. There are four major ar chetypes of the collective unconscious The word persona means a mask and refers to the outward appearance which people use in everyday life. The word anima refers to the unconscious female quality in the male and the word animus refers to the unconscious male quality in the female. The shadow is the inferior being within us which is primitive and animal. It is also the personal unconscious is similar to Freuds concept of the id.The term self describes a state of complete integration of all the separate elements of personality (Hough 1994) Alfred Adler broke away from Freuds school and set up his own called individual psychology. He believed that personality developed through sibling order and placed emphasis on the social development of man. He viewed people as mostly conscious rather than unconscious. For Adler, it was useless to focus on drives and impulses without giving attention to how the person creatively directs the drives. Adler believed that inferiority feelings are the source of all human striving.All individual progress, growth and development impression from the attempt to compensate for ones inferiorities. Feeling unattractive, or dont belong somewhere. Not strong enough or smart enough. So everyone is trying to overcome something that is hampering them from becoming what they want to become. The meaning of superiority is like self-realization. The striving for perfections is innate in the sense that it is a part of life. Throughout a persons life, Adler believed, he or she is motivated by the need to overcome the sense of inferiority and strive for ever higher levels of development.Everything Adler says ties into the lifestyle. For Adler, meanings are not determined by situation, but we are self-determined by the meaning we attribute to a situation. Melanie Klein had a operative impact on child psychology and contemporary psychoanalysis. She was a conduct innovator in theorizing object relations theory. According to Klein, the babes world was jeopardize from the beginning by intolerable anxieties, whose source she believed to be the babes own death instinct.These persecutory anxieties, which were felt in the infants own bodily needs as well as from the external frustrations to those needs, were overwhelming to the infant, and in order to combat them the infant resorted to defenses whose aim was to isolate her from them. Through these primitive defensesprojection, denial, splitting, withdrawal, and omnipotent control of these objectsthe infant put threatening, bad objects, outside herself and into the external world simultaneously, she preserved the good objects, both within herself and externally, by splitting them off from their malevolent counterparts.Perhaps the most fundamental of these processes were projection and introjection, which described the infants first, primitive attempts to differentiate himself from the world, inside from outside, self from other, based on the prototype of oral incorporation (and s pitting out) and the infants relation to his first, nurturing/frustrating object, the mothers breast. In Bowlbys approach, the child is considered to have a need for a secure relationship with adult caregivers, without which normal social and emotional development will not occur.However, different relationship experiences can lead to different developmental outcomes. A number of chemical bond styles in infants with distinct characteristics have been identified known as secure attachment, avoidant attachment, anxious attachment and disorganised attachment. These can be measured in both infants and adults Attachment is an emotive tie that one person forms between him/herself and another specific one (usually the parent) a tie that binds them together in space and endures over time.Attachment theory states that attachment is a developmental process based on the evolved accommodative tendency for young children to maintain proximity to a familiar person, called the attachment figure . Four different attachment styles have been identified in children secure, anxious-ambivalent, anxious-avoidant, and disorganized. restrain Attachment The child protests the mothers departure and quiets promptly on the mothers fleet, accepting comfort from her and returning to exploration.Avoidant Attachment The child shows little to no signs of distress at the mothers departure, a willingness to explore the toys, and little to no visible response to the mothers return. unsure Attachment The child shows sadness on the mothers departure, ability to be picked up by the stranger and even warm to the stranger, and on the mothers return, some ambivalence, signs of anger, reluctance to warm to her and return to play. Disorganized Attachment The child presents stereotypes upon the mothers return after separation, such as freezing for several seconds or rocking.This appears to indicate the childs lack of coherent lintel strategy. Children who are classified as disorganized are also given over a classification as secure, ambivalent or avoidant based on their overall reunion behavior. The main differences between the two therapies are that the Psychodynamic Theory centres on the past experiences of the client. By using dream interpretation, free experience and others, it concentrates on looking at childhood experiences and normal or brachydactylic development. Humanistic is based on the clients interpretation of what is happening in the here and now.It allows the client to express himself without having to look in the past. (Wiki. answers. com) Rogers believed that the counselling relationship was based on mutuality, in which both the client and the counsellor are of equal importance whereas in Psychodynamic Counselling the Counsellor is regarded as the expert. Bibliography Person Centred Counselling by Roger Casemore, 2006, Sage Publications A Practical Approach to Counselling by Margaret Hough, 1994, Pittman Publishing Sigmund Freud by Himmat Rana 1997 www . Wikipedia/Fritz_Perls Businessballs. com